72. NOTE 2. Sometimes the relation-word is placed after, and separated from, its substantive; as "Whom did you speak to." "Which door did he come in at." "This we are proud of." This separation always occurs with the words that and as, when used as relative pronouns (41) in phrasal combinations; as, "The thing that I spoke of” (= of which, &c.) "Such persons as he lives with" (=with whom, &c.) In the above examples," whom to,” “which door at,” “this of," "that of," and “as with "are all phrase-forms.

73. NOTE 3. So, likewise, when a substantive element of the phraseform is used with a passive verb; as, “ Spoke to him," active voice; "He was spoken to," passive voice. "Talked about you," active; " You were talked about," passive. "Laughed at you," active; " You were laughed at," passive. In these cases, the mere mechanical separation of the constituents of the phrase-forins, occasioned by a grammatical necessity from a change of voice, by no means destroys the logical connection of these words. The preposition performs equally the office of a relation-word, whether with its substantive in the active, or removed from and after it in the passive. Here, as in many other cases, the grammar and the logic differ. (13)

74. NOTE 4. When, however, in the above cases, we have, instead of a passive verb, a passive participle, the substantive term is made to assume another and a new relation, and the preposition becomes substantially an adverb in force; (20) as, "The man, spoken to, has left." "The persons, talked about, we were living with." Here, however, there is really an ellipsis which we may supply if we choose, and retain the relational force of the preposition; thus, “The persons (who were) talked about," &c.

75. NOTE 5. In the Greek and the Latin, the grammar does not compel this disseverance of the components of a phrase-form in such cases. Thus, "Dixit de te," "Talked about you,” "De te dictum est," "About you (it) was talked," or " You were talked about." "Dixit ad te" (or tibi) "Spoke to you." "Ad te dictum est," "You were spoken to."

76. Sometimes the relation-word is omitted; as, " Bring me (to me) a book." "Give him (to him) a present." "Write me "Leave me (for me) a paper."

(to me) a letter."

77.

Sometimes likewise the substantive term is omitted. This ellipsis occurs most frequently in the case of relatives; as, "The man I conversed with." (with whom.) "A knife to cut with." (with which.) "A house to live in." (in which.)

78. NOTE. Sometimes the substantive term is neither expressed nor necessarily implied; as, " A voice from above." "A cry from without." In these and similar cases the preposition has the force of a substantive, (20). Again," He rides about." "He walked to and fro." In such cases the preposition is an adverb in point of use.

These cases must not be confounded with those where the preposition is merely a part of the verb. (See

79. A Phrase-form may itself constitute the substantive term in another phrase-form; as, " From beyond Jordan." "Sold at above five guineas." "Iambic verse consists of from two to six feet." In these expressions the prepositions from, at, and of, respectively mark the relationship of the following phrase-forms, considered as substantives. For the sake of distinction, these are termed adjunctive phrase-forms. They are most commonly introduced by the relation-word from; as, "from among," "from about," from before," "from above," &c. So likewise the substantive term may be a possessive phrase-form; as, "A book of his." "A house of mine." "A horse of John's."

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80. A Clause-form (64) may constitute the substantive term in a phrase-form; as, "(Speaks) to whoever listens.” “ (Was patriotic) in that he died for his country." "(Knows) by what happened." "(Nothing marred our pleasure) except that we were delayed." Here evidently the prepositions to, in, by and except, mark the relationship of the entire succeeding clause. For the sake of convenience these are termed adjunctive clause-forms, or clausal phrase-forms.

81. REMARK. A Clausal phrase-form, introduced by a relative pronoun or a relative adjective, must be carefully distinguished from a simple relative phrase. The difference will become manifest by a simple transposition of the relative and the preposition. If we have a relative phrase-form merely, since the relation indicated is confined to the following relative, both these words may be transposed, without destroying the sense, for by so doing we sunder no logical connection. Thus, "(Knows) to whom he spoke," transposed, "Ile spoke to whom," which is good sense. Again, " (The man) for whom he worked," transposed, "He worked for whom," likewise good sense. If however, we have a clausal phraseform, since, not the relative merely, but the whole clause is now involved in the relationship marked by the preposition, we cannot make such a transposition, without sundering the logical connection, and consequently without destroying the sense. Thus "(Gives) to whomsoever he loves," transposed, "He loves to whomsoever," which is nonsense. So, "(Much depends) on who the King is," transposed, "The King is on who," which is nonsense likewise.

82. NOTE. Among the numerous varieties of phrase-forms, we shall find it convenient to distinguish the following: viz:

(1.) The Demonstrative phrase-form; as, "By these," "Of that." (2.) The Infinitive phrase-form; as, "About to go."

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(3.) The Participial phrase-form; as, “ By going," "In reading." (4.) The Relative phrase-form; as, "From whom," "In which." (5.) The Conjunctive phrase-form, i. e. one introduced by a subordinate connective; as, "Better for you than for me."

(6.) The Possessive phrase-form, as, " Solomon's temple."

EXERCISE 8-Distinguish the word-forms and the phrase-forms. Classify the word-forms according to 17, and the phrase-forms according to 82. Supply ellipses when necessary. ILLUSTRATION. "Built several houses to live in." predicative word-form. "Several " is an attributive

"Built" is a

word-form.