"Houses" is a substantive word-form. "To live" is a predicative wordform. "In" (=in which) is a relative phrase-form, the relative being implied.

Men. With men. By which. Of reading. To read, (66.) About them. Whom. To whom. To learn. Learning. From us. Whom did (72) you speak to? A sight of what pleases us. (80.) Will lend me (76) his (69) book. For learning. Spoke to him. Ship to sail in. (77.) Whom I spoke to. (72.) This was (73) spoken of. The thing that he spoke of. A view of what pleased me. (80.) Has nothing to work with. Ran over the boy. The boy was run over. Such matters as were talked about. Voices from within. (78.) This they boasted of. What did he lecture on? Lectured on what he saw. (80.) Brought them many presents. Was (73) he laughed at? Whom did you laugh at? Imposed upon us. We were imposed upon. Whom did they impose upon? The same persons that were confided in. It is known the world over. News from beyond the sea. Strives for whatever benefits him. Will be lost except (31) they repent. Were traitors in that they deserted. A lawgiver from beneath his feet. We went up to him. The person to whom he spoke. Spoke to whom he pleased.

SEC. IV. THE CLAUSE-FORM.

83. The Clause-form, it will be remembered, consists of a substantive term and a predicative term logically connected, but not usually making complete sense. Now clause-forms may be divided, according to their form of construction into,

1. The Demonstrative clause.

2. The Infinitive clause.

3. The Participial clause.

4.

The Relative clause.

5. The Conjunctive clause.

REMARK. This classification embraces all possible clause-forms in any language. Hence when once learned in the English, it may be applied at once to the Latin, the Greek, the French, the German, &c.

84. Demonstrative clauses are such as are introduced by the demonstrative connective that, or lest when equivalent to that; as, "(Said) that he would come." "(Feared) lest (that) he would come."

NOTE 1. Demonstrative clauses are sometimes improperly introduced

by the connective but; as," (No doubt) but ye are the people," (= that ye, &c.) Job XII, 2. "There is no question but Milton had, &c. Addi

son.

85. NOTE 2. Clauses introduced by that, in the sense of in order that, so that, or so that, or by lest in the sense of in order that not, or so that not, are not Demonstrative, but Conjunctive clauses. (131.) This distinction must be carefully noted. Thus," (Believed) that he might learn." Dem. clause. "(Studied) that he might learn,"=" in order that he might learn." Conj. clause. "(Ran) so (rapidly) that he fell." Conj. clause." (Ran slowly) lest he might fall," in order that he might not fall." Conj. clause.

86. NOTE 3. Clauses introduced by that in the sense of who, which or whom, are Relative clauses. (41.) Thus, "Something that (which) he might learn." Rel. clause.

87. REMARK. The expletives it and there are sometimes found in demonstrative clauses after the connective; as, "(Said) that it is wrong to deceive." "(Remarked) that there were

several others."

88. The connective is very frequently omitted; as,“ Told me (that) he would go." "Believes (that) he can do it." "Fears (lest) he may do it."

89. NOTE 1. The constituents of the demonstrative clause-form, like those of the phrase-form, (72) are sometimes divided. Thus the substantive term and the predicative term may be separated by the interposition of the principal verb, particularly in colloquial style; as,“ That he, thought I, will do this is manifest,"

90. REMARK. Demonstrative clauses may be in either the indicative or the potential mood; as, "Said that he did go." "Said that he could go."

91. NOTE 2. Demonstrative clauses are sometimes used adjunctively. (80) In such cases the relation-words except, save, since, in, after, before, and but are commonly used; as, " (Did wrong) in that he injured you." (Was every way successful) save that he lost his baggage.' "Will not believe but that I am to blame."

66

92. NOTE 3. Propositions introduced by demonstrative pronouns, adverbs or adjectives, (51) are never clauses, since the above named demonstratives have no connecting power, (50) and consequently introduce independent propositions which are sentences. [See Chap. IV. Sec. 1.]

93. REMARK. Of all the substantive clauses in our language, the demonstrative is of far the most frequent occurrence. Hence its character should be thoroughly understood. EXERCISE 9.-Distinguish the different kinds of elements, the word-forms, the phrase-forms and the clause-forms. Classify the word-forms.

ILLUSTRATION. "Said that they would come."

"Said" is a predicative word-form.

"That they would come" is a demonstrative clause-form, of which "they" is the substantive term of the word-form, "would come" is the predicative term of the word-form, and that is the demonstrative conncctive.