6. Occasionally the ABL, with cum is used, preceded by pariter, simul or aeque.

Pariter cum ortu solis castra metabatur, was pitching his camp at the rising of the sun.-Sall.

7. The C-f. is commonly a REL.-INDIC. clause introduced by the Rel. adverbs quum (or cum), quando, ut, ubi, ex quo= when; ut primum, ubi primum, quum (or cum) primum, cum jam as soon as; and dum=while.

Quum Sicilia florebat opibus, when Sicily abounded in wealth.-Cic.

8. A Conj. cl. introduced by simul, simul ac, simul atque, quam primum, ac primum,= =as soon as; is often used.

Simul atque cognitum est, as soon as it was known.-Cæs.

9. When an idea of "Cause," " Concession," or "Consequence" is involved, the REL. SUBJ. clause is used.

Quum sint in nobis ratio prudentia, when (since) there is in us reason and foresight--Cic. (Cause or Reason).

10. When quum is used in the sense of after, the Subjunctive mood is used.

Alexander, quum intermisset Clilum, vox manus a se abstinuit, Alexander, after he had slain Clitus, could scarcely keep his hands from himself.

11. The C-f. is frequently an ABL.-PART Cl. (870).

Tarquinio regnante, in the reign of Tarquin.-Cic. Rex opum non nisi migraturo examine (372) foras procedit, the king-bee does not go abroad except the swarm being about to emigrate, literally, (=when the swarm is about, &c.)-Plin.

12. An adjunctive PASS. PART. Cl., with cum or inter, sometimes occurs.

Pariter cum capta Thala, at the same time with Thala's having been cap. tured (as soon as Thala was captured).-Sall. Inter haec parata atque de creta, in the midst of these things having been prepared and decreed, (=while these things were prepared and decreed.)-Sall.

TIME ANTECEDENT.

932-1. The W-f. is an adverb.

Heri, nuper, nondum, quondam, abhinc, dehinc, ante-ago, antehac, &c. 2. The P-f. is regularly an Acc. with ante, (sometimes in comp.).

Ante hoc, before this.

3. The Acc. with supra is occasionally used.

Supra hanc memoriam, before this memory.-Cœs.

4. The C-f. is generally a CONJ.-INDIC. Cl. introduced by antequam or priusquam before, before that. When simple pri ority of time is denoted, the Indic. mood is used.

Antequam in Siciliam veni, before I came into Sicily.-Cic.

5. When any 66

mood is used.

Causal" notion is involved, the Subj.

Priusquam incipias consulto opus est, before you begin there is need of deliberation, i. e. that you may begin. (Purpose is combined).-Sall.

6. In narration the historical tenses of the Subj. are generally used.

Antequam urbem caperet, before he took the city.-Liv.

7. The C-f. is sometimes an ADJUNC. PASS. PART. CL.

Ante urbem conditam, before the city having been founded, (Lit.Cic. Ante Epaminondam natum, before Epaminondas having been born, (i. e. before the birth of). Ante me consulem, before my having been consul.-Cic. (The participle of the verb sum is of course understood).

8. The amount of antecedent time is indicated by the element of Measure of Dif. (676).

TIME SUBSEQUENT.

933-1. The W-f. is an adverb.

Deinde, inde, mox, porro, postea, posthoc, postridie.

2. The P-f. is commonly an Acc. with post, sometimes postquam and secundum.

Multis armis post decemviros, many years after the (time of the) decemviri.— Cic.

3. The ABL. with ab, de, and ex also occurs.

Ab re divina, after the sacrifice.-Plaut.

4. The C-f. is regularly a CONJ.-JNDIC. Cl. introduced by postquam and posteaquam.

Postquam venerat, after he had come.

5. Quam alone is sometimes used for postquam.

Intra decimum diem quam Pheras venerat, within ten days after Pheras came.-Liv.

6. A REL.-INDIC. Cl. is sometimes used.

Octo diebus quibus has literas datam, in eight days in which (=after) I wrate this letter. (Rel. Adj. C).)

7.

The C-f. is often an ADJUNC. PASS. PART. CL.

Post Christum natum, after Christ having been born, (=the birth of).—