3. The P-f. is sometimes a DAT. case-form and sometimes when the OBJ. of INTEREST is combined, the ABL. with pro. After words of contending or struggling, the ABL. with

de is commonly used.

5. The C-f. is regularly an Uт. (ne)-SUBJ. clause. For ne, ut ne and ut non sometimes occur; and with comparatives quo is used for ut.

6. The C-f. is often a REL.-SUBJ., and frequently a Fut. Pass. Part. Cl. used adjunctively.

ANTECEDENT CAUSE, (596-609).

941-1. This Element is generally of the P-f. and is denoted by the ABL.

Gloria ducitur, is influenced by glory.-Cic. Proelio fessi, weary with the battle.-Sall.

2. It is sometimes expressed by the Acc. with ob, propter

and per.

Parere legibus propter metum, to obey the laws through fear.-Cic. Ob hoc miserior, more wretched for this.-Sen. Per metum mussari, to be silent through fear.-Plaut.

3. The ABL. with ab, de, ex, and prae, sometimes occurs.

Tempus et a nostris triste malis, time made sad by our misfortunes.--Ov. Flebat uterque non de suo supplicio, each one wept not because of his own punishment.-Verr. Ez vulnere aeger, feeble from a wound.-Cic. Nee loqui prae maerore potuis, could not speak for grief.-Cic.

4. The C-f. is a Conj.-Indic. cl. introduced by quod, quia, quonam and quando.

Urbs quae quia postrema aedificata est, Neapolis nominatur, a city which, because it was built last, was called Neopolis.

5. When, however, the Cause is assigned on the authority of another, the Subj. mood is used.

Accusatus est quod corrumperet juventutem, was accused because (as was alleged,) he corrupted the youth.-Quint.

6. The C-f. is sometimes a SUBJ. clause introduced by quum, (cum), quippe, ut, utpote.

Quum vita metus plena sit, since life is full of fear.-Cic. Quippe qui blandiatur, since he flatters.-Cic.

7. It is not unfrequently a REL.-SUBJ. clause, used adjec tively.

O vis veritatis quae se defendat, O power of truth which (since it) defends itself.-Cic.