here; kidneys normal; mesenteric glands enlarged and having a dark red surface with a more or less gray interior. The small intestines show mucous membrane somewhat hyperamic, but no ulcers. In the cæcum there are very few small ulcers. About a foot below the cæcum there are inumerable ulcers, round and irregularly oval, with the long axis transverse; many located on the ridges of the transverse folds of the colon. These ulcers are somewhat raised and have an injected zone surrounding their edges. They have a yellowish gray, granular floor. The whole tract of the colon and rectum shows the ulcers so thickly studded together that their area is relatively greater than that of the surrounding mucous membrane, which latter is somewhat thickened and somewhat red. This colon is preserved. A black and white Gibbon (Nebraska) inoculated pig (pen No. 7), after 36 hours of fast, was fed like the four last. This pig remained well until January 25, when it was further experimented upon. A large white Billings, Nebraska (ptomaine), pig (pen No. 7), after 36 hours fast, was fed like the five last. This pig remained well until January 25, when it was further experimented upon. Results of intravenous injections of hog cholera cultures, brought from Washington by Dr. Kilborne; the injections performed by him in my presence and by my direction, January 26, 1890. A large black and white Gibbon (Nebraska) inoculated pig (pen No. 9) received into the right femoral vein 5cc of hog-cholera cultures as above. This pig died January 29, 1890, in the morning. It had been sick and constantly growing worse since the day after inoculation. The following is the autopsy of this pig: External appearance of the skin of belly, inner aspect of thighs and axilla, red; inguinal and axillary glands dark red, and on section show small ecchymoses in a light pink ground. In the thorax was some increase of pericardial fluid, which is clear. There are superficial small ecchymoses around the base of the heart. Left pleural cavity normal; corresponding lung completely fills it. This lung is entirely crepitant and pink, except for numerous small dark red ecchymoses which stud it. The right pleural cavity is nearly obliterated by quite firm bands of pleural adhesions. The right lung is crepitant and pink, but more densely studded with dark red ecchymotic spots. The cut surface of each lung shows also dark red ecchymotic spots. The right ventricle of the heart dilated; walls thin; they contained blood fluid, and there is a very small dark red clot. The left ventricle is contracted, nearly empty, and little fluid blood; walls slightly softened (?), dark red. Liver large, dark red, very soft, otherwise normal in appearance. Spleen enormously enlarged and dark red (culture made from it); pulp, soft, dark red. Kidneys injected, showing minute ecchymotic spots. Stomach full; a large area of the mucous membrane of the fundus of the stomach shows characteristic intense congestion and thickening. An area, more or less rectangular, of white thickening of the mucous membrane surrounds the cardiac orifice. The colon shows nothing especially abnormal save a few scattered small ecchymotic, dark red spots. The general surface of the mucous membrane is slate gray. The ileocæcal membrane is dark red, and there is in its close vicinity an abraded area of mucous membrane. A small black and white Gibbon (Nebraska) inoculated pig (pen No. 9) received into the right femoral vein 5ce of hog-cholera culture as above. This pig died January 29, and had been sick since the day after the operation. External appearance of skin of belly, inner aspect of thighs and axilla, red. The inguinal and axillary glands are intensely engorged and swollen; on cut surface they are mottled red and gray. Pleural cavities normal. Lungs show superficial, numerous, small, dark red ecchymoses, surrounded by a pink and healthy looking parenchyma. Abdominal cavity normal. Liver much enlarged, dark red, friable. Spleen enormously enlarged, dark red, friable (culture made from it). Stomach full. There is a large area of intensely reddened and thickened mucous membrane in the fundus. Kidneys engorged. Mesenteric glands enlarged and intensely engorged; they show many scattered, dark red, small points of ecchymoses. There is a general capillary engorgement in spots of the colon and small intestine, but there are no ulcers. A large white Billings (ptomaine inoculated) Nebraska pig (pen No. 7) received into the right femoral vein 5 of hog cholera as above. (N. B.-This pig had been fed, December 23, 1889, with chopped hog cholera intestine.) This pig died January 30, 1890, after having been sick since the day after the operation. External appearance of the skin of the abdomen, inner aspect of thighs and axilla, deep red. Red inguinal gland much enlared with cardiacal injection shown, and some also between the lobules. The red ingnal and axillary glands are not so much enlarged, but are equally congested. Lungs fill the thoracic cavity; both lungs are intensely congested; the blood flows freely out of the cut surface. The: left lung is the more intensely congested. There are no arcas of consolidation, but there is crepitation everywhere except in a few small areas of collapse, mainly in the outer edge of the right lung, middle and posterior lobes. Each lung shows on the external surface exceedingly numerous small, dark red ecchymoses, surrounded by the parenchyma, having a color from a dark pink to light red. The cut surface shows the same appearance. Abdominal cavity normal; stomach full. There is a large area of the mucous membrane of the stomach in which there is only a slight hyperæmia and moderate swelling. There is an area around the cardiac orifice of whitened and slightly thickened mucous membrane; a small patch near the same location. The liver is dark red, friable, and is enlarged. The spleen is enormously enlarged, dark red (cuiture made from it). Kidneys are engorged; the small intestines are hyperemic in spots, and these portions are slightly swollen. The colon is mainly of a slaty gray color, with some small areas of reddish gray, and the membrane appears slightly thickened and softened. A large black Dought sow (had natural hog cholera in Nebraska and recovered) (lower or stable pen) received into the right femoral vein 5 of hog cholera as above. This large black Dought sow, which had had a litter of pigs the latter part of the previous spring or early summer, died February 4, 1890, the weather being very cold. In the external appearance there was nothing marked and no emaciation. Inguinal and axillary glands slightly enlarged, having cortical injection. Lungs filled thoracic cavity; no pleuritic effusion; slight increase of pericardial fluid. Surface of the lungs spotted with small dark red ecchymoses. Cut surface shows the same dark red spots. The rest of the parenchyma is pink and crepitant. Heart full of dark clots and fluid blood. Abdominal cavity normal, dark red; colon distended: stomach very large, and dark mesenteric glands. Liver pale, somewhat hard. The spleen much enlarged and dark red. Stomach is fully distended. Large area of the mucous membrane of the fundus of the stomach is slightly enlarged and swollen. Small intestine not much beyond slight capillary hyperæmia in areas of an inch in size or more. Ileocæcal valve, intense dark red surface abraded and a few small spots. Mucous membrane of the cæcum shows an area of an inch and a half or two inches superficial abrasion. Contents of the cæcum and of the colon, large firm masses of dark clotted blood, mixed with feces. At the transverse and descending portion of the colon there are numerous small irregular round ulcers with raised ragged edges, surrounded by a pretty wide hemorrhagic zone; some lengths of the middle and descending colon show mucous membrane intense dark red, and here also are prominent darker red, apparently swollen, isolated follicles. In the upper portion of the rectum there is a small number of minute ulcers of a character similar to that already described. The rest of the mucous membrane of the colon is of a dark red slate color. A small black and white Gibbon (Nebraska) inoculated pig (pen No. 10) received into the right femoral vein 5 of hog-cholera virus as above. This pig died after a somewhat lingering illness on February 13, 1890. Autopsy as follows: External appearance, much emaciated; the wound on the inner aspect of the right thigh healed, but the tissues around it swollen. The right inguinal gland much swollen and has a superficial redness. The left inguinal gland swollen also, but not to the same degree. The axillary glands are in much the same condition as is the left inguinal. Pleural cavity normal, as also the pericardial cavity. Left lung normal, pale pink and crepitant, except in one or two lobules of the middle lobe, which are dark red and collapsed. Right lung pretty generally diseased. Nearly the whole of the middle and anterior lobes are so. Lobules in. this portion are dark red and solid; some show on section small yellow spots, embedded in a dark re i tissue of a granular aspect. The posterior lobe shows numerous lobuli, dark red, solid aspect, near the outer edge of the lobe. Abdomen, no peritonitis. The stomach not excessively full or distended. The fundus shows a wide area of redness and thickening of the mucous membrane. There are several small raised ragged ulcers with red edges, and with a yellow granular floor. Most of these are in the neighborhood of the cardiac orifice." They are mainly on the top of the folds of the mucous membrane. Liver is slightly enlarged and is dark red, with marked interlobular tissue of gray color. Gall-bladder distended. Spleen large, light red, and the malpighian bodies are prominent and gray. The kidneys are normal. Large intestine reddened externally. Small intestines are of a lighter external color. The mesenteric glands are enlarged and hyperæmic. The cæcum has a reddish gray mucous menibrane, but there are no ulcers here. The ascending and transverse colon shows numerous small yellow umbili cated ulcers, with a raised edge. The mucous membrane itself is generally hyperæmic. A large black Dought Nebraska pig, which had the natural hog cholera in Nebraska and recovered (pen No. 10), received into the right femoral vein 5 of hog cholera as above. This pig is still alive and apparently well. The results of these supplementary experiments seem to warrant the following general conclusions: (1) Intraabdominal injections of virulent swine-plague cultures are decidedly more fatal than are intrathoracic injections. (2) The Nebraska inoculated pigs seem to be as susceptible to the action of this virus as are the Pennsylvania controls. (3) The fresh intestinal lesions of virulent hog cholera fed to inoculated pigs after fasting are about as fatal to them as to the Pennsylvania controls which had survived feeding of virulent hog-cholera cultures; and they are considerably more fatal than are pure cultures of the virulent hog-cholera germs. Several of both classes of pigs were able to resist. (4) Intravenous injection of virulent hog-cholera cultures is far more fatal than the introduction of the germs in any other manner attempted. Only one of the six pigs thus inoculated was able to resist successfully. This pig had recovered from a natural attack of hog cholera about a year ago. The last two series of experiments show that whatever the force of the immunity may have been there was an artificial means of overwhelming its protective power. Such experiments do not, however, conclusively prove that there is no immunity, either naturally or artificially acquired, capable of practically protecting against a natural attack. I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, PHILADELPHIA, February 27, 1890. THE SHEEP OF GREAT BRITAIN. By EZRA A. CARMAN, Up to within comparatively few years the principal aim of sheep husbandry in the United States was the growth of wool. Mutton was a secondary consideration, and, in general, was not considered at all. It was not esteemed as an article of food, and at times, when wool fell in price and whole flocks were sacrificed, it paid better to try out the fat and feed the carcass to the hogs than it did to send it to the butcher. But the decreasing profits of woolgrowing under adverse legislation, and the rise in value of land, and the growing popularity of mutton as an article of food in the manufacturing centers and large cities, effected a change in the East about forty or fifty years since, and the mutton sheep received some attention; the old native breed and the fine-wooled Merino and its grades were crossed by rams of improved breeds of English sheep. This substitution began in southern New England, eastern New York, eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, and in those sections is now complete, mutton being the object of sheep raising, and the preponderance of the sheep being of the Southdown and Shropshire blood. Up to 1880 in all that country north of the Ohio and west of the Alleghanies woolgrowing was the principal object, but within the last ten years western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and other States have been repeating what was done by the East many years before, making great changes by replacing the Merino and its grades with the English long-wooled sheep, so that, in 1890, over one-half the sheep between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi are estimated to be of native or English blood. In all the South Atlantic States, Kentucky, and Tennessee, the English mutton sheep, represented by the old native 'stock and by some improved breeds, is vastly predominant. Taken as a whole the entire country east of the Mississippi is practically abandoning to the far west and to foreign countries the growing of fine wool, and substituting therefor the raising of sheep for food, and, incidentally, combing wool. This change in the character of the industry has caused increased attention to English breeds of sheep, the foundation of American mutton sheep husbandry, and suggested the preparation of this paper. Nowhere has sheep husbandry received such attention and been prosecuted with such success as in England, and the lesson derived from the experience of breeders, as compiled from standard authority, can not fail to be of value to the American reader and farmer. The sheep is the mainstay of English agriculture, the foundation. of English prosperity, and a potent factor in British commercial supremacy. The wool trade was a monopoly of England from the earliest records till at least the middle of the seventeenth century, H. Mis. 270-10 145 |
