possible that the residences will have to be prefabricated, such as the aluminum or steel types that are on the market at the present time.

Residences are essential because live animals are being handled, water supplies have to be watched, and a great many things may happen which require a certain proportion of the fish-culturists to be on 24-hour notice in case of an emergency. The Spring Creek station is not located near a town and it is essential that the houses be constructed on the hatchery itself. If a certain proportion of the fishculturists are not on stand-by duty, it is possible to have a complete loss of the season's work and the hatchery stock. It is highly important that these men be on the grounds in case of such need.

PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS TO THE CARSON HATCHERY

The Carson hatchery was constructed as a part of the program for relocating salmon runs below Grand Coulee and the the purpose of propagating additional fish to enlarge the lower Columbia River runs. The Carson hatchery is located on Forest Service lands adjacent to the Wind River. The present plans for the development of the lower Columbia River include a fishway around the falls on the Wind River which would enable the spawning runs to migrate above the barrier and into the upper reaches of the Wind River and the Carson hatchery. On the basis of the present run in the Wind River, it was impossible this year to take care of approximately 1,500,000 eggs that might have been taken from spawning fish coming into the Wind River and which had no place to go to spawn. The Wind River run has been on the down grade since the impounding at Bonneville because of the fact that there are no spawning facilities and because the capacity of the Carson hatchery is limited. It is proposed to increase the run in the Wind River by a combination of natural spawning through the removal of the barrier, and by hatchery operations. It has been demonstrated at a number of places that spawning runs can be developed which will come into the hatchery ponds for spawning and that spawning runs can be increased over and above the normal carrying capacity of the stream. This can be accomplished by hatchery operations. The Wind River has very good possibilities for a project of this nature. Water supplies available to the station are quite large and need to be developed in order to accomplish the goal.

A. Supplementary water supply pipe line and intake structure from Wind

River to station distribution system... $15, 000 Although the spring-water supply available to the Carson hatchery is almost adequate enough to take care of the needed facilities, it is proposed to place an intake structure on the Wind River for the purpose of supplementing this water supply. It will be used for the purpose of obtaining warmer water during the growing season since by warming the water somewhat it will be possible to save funds by increasing the growth rate and shortening the growing period with a resulting saving in labor and fish food. The resulting saving would pay for this supplementary supply over a short number of years.

B. Twenty-five concrete rearing ponds, raceway type. -

$50, 000

Rearing ponds are essential since investigation over a period of years has indicated that the survival of salmon released into the streams is much higher if the fingerlings are grown to a considerable size and are in good condition when placed in the stream. The return from the spawing runs have confirmed this point time and time again. The success of the rearing program, therefore, depends upon adequate rearing facilities.

C. Develop adult holding and fingerling rearing pools with diversion racks and flow-control structures in creek...

$50, 000 Experience over the last 5 or 6 years has shown that successful spawning operations can be conducted only if proper holding facilities are provided in order to allow the adult salmon to properly ripen in the holding ponds after they have reached the hatchery. These holding ponds must be designed in such a way as to prevent a loss of spawning salmon and in order to provide the necessary facilities for spawning these fish. These ponds have added value in that at other times of the year when spawning salmon are not migrating into them or when they do not contain spawners they can be used for the rearing of fingerling salmon. In one or two instances, hatchery operations have almost failed because of inadequate facilities and on the upper Columbia River it has been necessary in the light

of our experience to rebuild some of the original installations to provide these facilities.

D. Permanent foundation and diversion rack for installation at confluence of Wind River and Tyee Creek.___.

$20,000

This rack is essential for diverting spawning runs of the Wind River into the holding facilities at Carson. It is anticipated as a result of previous experience that as the run into the Wind River is built up the number of returning spawners will exceed the spawning facilities available for natural spawning. By providing a permanent base for installation of the diversion rack, the proper number of fish can be allowed to migrate up the Wind River in proportion to the amount of spawning area available to them, and the remainder can be diverted into the hatchery to be spawned there. Experience over the last 7 or 8 years has shown that by constructing permanent facilities that can be placed in the river easily and can be expected to be fish-tight and which can withstand periods of flood, a more adequate job and a saving of a great deal of time and labor will result. Where these facilities have not been provided, frequently there is almost a total loss of hatchery operations because the racks are washed out or have allowed the fish to migrate above them with the result that insufficient eggs are taken for the hatchery and a larger number migrate upstream than natural spawning facilities will accommodate.

E. Three 6-room residences with garages.

$30,000 The justification as applied to Spring Creek applies also at this station. It is doubtful that residences other than the prefabricated type can be constructed for the amount estimated in this item. The hatchery is an isolated one and is about 15 or 20 miles from the nearest town where living facilities are available. These towns are very small and are very crowded. It is essential that at least a portion of the fish culturists live on the station so that they be available for call at any time when an emergency arises. Practically all of these fish culturists are on 24-hour stand-by notice. This procedure must be followed wherever live animals are being handled and where the well-being of these animals is dependent upon adequate water supplies and where mechanical equipment is involved in providing the water. One of the greatest administrative problems in the operation of a hatchery is the fact that insufficient housing facilities are available with the result that it is almost impossible to adequately staff the stations, particularly where they are isolated.

F. Install central heating plant in hatchery building..

$3,000

A heating plant is essential to the operation of the station because of winter temperatures and because of the fact that these men are working in cold water at all times and comfortable surroundings must be provided to circumvent the possibility of occupational diseases that may result.

G. Construction utility building to provide shop, garage, tool, and general storage, and provide cold storage and food preparation facilities.

$17,000

Cold-storage facilities have never been provided at this station and there is no food preparation room. It was possible in the past to ship prepared foods by truck from the Little White Salmon station in order to take care of the needs under present operating capacity. With expanded production, it will be impractical to do this. An adequate cold storage facility and a food preparation room are prerequisites to successful hatchery operations. The diets of fish are as important as that of human beings and they are subject to the same vitamin deficiencies and other nutrient deficiencies as human beiEgs. Consequently, the same care has to be taken in the storage and preparation of food.

PLANS AND SURVEYS

Mr. CASE. The fourth item is plans and surveys, $120,000. What do you propose to do there?

Mr. DAY. This is in general for making engineering surveys and studies and drawing blueprints and getting ready for the construction of the increased hatchery facilities and the residences.

Mr. CASE. And that is again all in this area below McNary Dam? Mr. DAY. That is right.

Mr. CASE. So that a good deal of this $120,000 would actually be used for the planning of some of the work proposed in the other two items that we have just discussed?

Mr. DAY. That is right.

(The following was submitted later:)

JUSTIFICATION

Plans and surveys ($120,000)

In order to properly carry out the proposed construction program, it is necessary that certain surveys be made and adequate plans be prepared.

These funds are required in initiating and completing acquisition of lands, preparation of plans, surveys, and supervision of construction of the Spring Creek (Federal) and Carson (Federal) hatcheries and in the preparation of plans, surveys, supervision of construction, etc., of the Klickitat (Washington State), Sandy River (Oregon State), and Herman Creek (Oregon State) units.

KLICKITAT HATCHERY

Mr. CASE. Item No. 5 is Klickitat hatchery, Washington State, $340,000. Is that a Federal hatchery or a State hatchery?

Mr. DAY. That would be turned over to the State of Washington to be operated by the State.

Mr. CASE. Is there an existing hatchery there?

Mr. DAY. No, this is a new hatchery, but the State has the site, and they have tested the water and the springs, and are ready to start construction, but it would be entirely a new program.

Mr. CASE. Who would build the hatchery?

Mr. DAY. The State of Washington would build the hatchery under plans approved by the Fish and Wildlife Service.

Mr. CASE. With this $340,000?

Mr. DAY. That is right.

BREAK-DOWN OF THE ESTIMATE

Mr. CASE. Do you have a break-down of that $340,000 showing how it will be used, and the types of construction and the cost of each? Mr. DAY. Yes.

Mr. CASE. Will you place that table in the record at this point? Mr. DAY. Yes, sir.

(The matter referred to is as follows:)

Lower Columbia River Program-Hatcheries to be constructed by States of

Washington and Oregon

Klickitat Hatchery (Washington State Department of Fisheries)

$340, 000

Item No. 1. Rearing ponds (20), $60,000.-The estimated production of the proposed Klickitat station will stock 20 ponds at a level of 750 pounds per pond at the time of spring liberations and 1,250 pounds per pond at the time of fall liberations. These levels are believed to approach, if not slightly exceed, the maximum carrying capacity of the Washington type of salmon rearing pond. For this reason, no fewer than 20 rearing ponds will be required to maintain fingerling production at the proposed level.

Item No. 2. Hatchery buildings, etc., $74,960.-The proposals provide minimum incubating and hatching equipment required for propagating the estimated capacity of 3,000,000 eggs.

Item No. 3. Residences (4), $40,000.-The isolated location of the proposed Klickitat hatchery will demand an emergency crew of not less than four men to be available on the station at all times. No housing accommodations are available in the area closer than the town of Glenwood, which is 61⁄2 miles distant.

The mountainous area is subject to frequent and intense wind, sleet, and snow storms during the winter months which, at times, would render travel to the hatchery impossible in the event of an emergency, such as water failure or fire. Item No. 4. Intake dams and screening, $7,000.-This item provides for facilities required for the collection and filtration of water from the two large springs comprising the supply to the proposed hatchery.

Item No. 5. Water supply lines, $10,000.-This item provides pipe lines required for delivering water from the source to the selected hatchery location, which is on the opposite bank of the Klickitat River.

Item No. 6. Drain lines, $7,000.-This item provides pipe lines necessary for removing waste water from the hatchery troughs and ponds.

Item No. 7. Distribution tanks, $5,000.-This item provides facilities necessary for the control of water at the hatchery end of the pipe lines.

Item No. 8. Hydraulic electric plant, $15,000.-Hydraulic gradient at the site permits the installation of a local hydroelectric plant. Although the local plant would be somewhat more expensive in initial cost than a 6-mile transmission line from the high-line at Glenwood, the local plant would supply economical-and of greater consequence-dependable power. The greater initial investment in the station's hydroelectric plant would be offset within a comparatively short period by the savings effected in power costs and line maintenance required for highline power from Glenwood."

Item No. 9. Suspension bridge for pipe line, $10,000.-As the best hatchery site within the selected area is located on the opposite bank of the Klickitat River from the spring water supply, some means of carrying the hatchery supply line across the river must be provided.

Item No. 10. Roads, $40,000.-There are no existing roads within 31⁄2 miles of the proposed hatchery site. An approach road to the site will be relatively costly on a per-mile basis owing to the hilly terrain traversed and the need for descending into steep and relatively unapproachable canyons in order to reach the hatchery site.

Item No. 11. Septic system, $4,000.-Provision for treating domestic sewerage by means of septic tanks is required in the interest of public health.

Item No. 12. Domestic water supply, $1,200.-A high-pressure line will be required for domestic water supply as the hydraulic gradient of the hatchery supply line will not be sufficient to supply water to the residence location.

Item No. 13. Land clearing, $8,000.-Extensive clearing of standing timber and snags, as well as grading, will be required to prepare the site for residences, hatchery, and rearing ponds.

Item No. 14. Landscaping, $4,000.-This amount covers the minimum required to provide an acceptable appearance of the hatchery grounds.

Item No. 15. Equipment, $18,000.-This item provides a minimum amount of equipment required for operating salmon hatchery in an isolated area.

Item No. 16. Fish rack and ripening ponds, $10,000.-This item provides facilities for holding spring chinooks which will be propagated at the Klickitat Stationduring the prolonged ripening period. This period extends from the time the fish arrive in the vicinity of the station (May-June) until the onset of sexual maturity (August-September). This item likewise provides minimum equipment for spawning operations at the holding area.

Item No. 17. Contingencies, $25,840.-The uncertainties attending construction estimates under existing circumstances require this accepted form of protection against unanticipated price increases.

SANDY RIVER HATCHERY

Mr. CASE. Item No. 6 is Sandy River Hatchery, Oregon State, $175,000. Is that a new hatchery?

Mr. DAY. Sandy River is an old hatchery being rehabilitated and enlarged.

Mr. CASE. It is owned by the State of Oregon?

Mr. DAY. That is right.

Mr. CASE. Is it proposed there that the $175,000 is to be expended by the Federal Government or be turned over to the State of Oregon? Mr. DAY. The State of Oregon would serve as constructor for the Federal Government to do the job.

BREAK-DOWN OF THE ESTIMATE

Mr. CASE. Do you have a break-down showing what the details of this program would be?

Mr. DAY That will be included in the record.

Mr. CASE. You will insert that in the record at this point?

Mr. DAY. Yes, sir.

(The matter referred to is as follows:)

II. Sandy River Hatchery (Oregon Fish Commission), $175,000.

Item No. 1. Diversion works, $12,000.-This item provides the hatchery water intake with necessary control structures from the Sandy River.

Item No. 2. Stave pipe, $7,500.—This item provides pipe lines from the intake to the hatchery, a distance of approximately 1,000 feet.

Item No. 3. Rearing ponds (14 units), $35,000. This item provides 14 rearing ponds at a cost of $2,500 each and are required for rearing salmon fingerlings from the time they are removed from the troughs to the time of their seaward migration. The Oregon type of rearing pond is less pretentious than the Washington type of rearing pond; hence, the lower cost estimate per pond.

Item No. 4. Settling tanks, $4,000.-This item provides means for removing silt and debris from the river water before it is used in hatchery operations.

Item No. 5. Pump house and 5,000-gallon storage tank, $3,500.-This item provides a domestic water supply and high-pressure line as needed in hatchery operations, as well as a reserve for fire protection.

Item No. 6. Sewerage disposal and incinerator, $2,500.-This item provides sanitary necessities in the interest of public health.

Item No. 7. Access road and walks, $3,500.-No road now serves the proposed hatchery site. A short access road will be required connecting the hatchery with the existing highway.

Item No. 8. Landscaping, $5,000.-This item provides the minimum amount required to provide an acceptable appearance of the hatchery grounds. A flagpole and marker are consistent with the traditions of the Oregon Fish Commission hatcheries.

Item No. 9. Electric transmission lines, $2,000.-Electric power will be required for food storage and food preparation equipment at the hatchery. This item covers the cost of a connection with the nearest high line.

Item No. 10. Hatchery building, $60,000.-There are no existing fish-cultural facilities at the proposed site-the Sandy River hatchery. The estimate includes the minimum amount necessary to provide for inside hatchery operations and routine maintenance.

Item No. 11. Dwelling, $14,400.-The safety of the stock requires that one man be on hand at all times in the event of water failure or fire or other exigencies. Item No. 12. Garage, $600.—This item provides for storage of various items of station equipment.

Item No. 13. Public toilet, $2,000.-The proximity of the hatchery location to population centers assures visiting public in considerable numbers. The provision of comfort facilities for the visitors is a necessary public service.

Item No. 14. Contingencics, $9,960.-The uncertainties attending construction estimates under existing circumstances require this accepted form of protection against unanticipated price increases.

Item No. 15. Equipment, $13,040.

(a) Cold storage, $5,000: This item provides minimum facilities for storing perishable diet ingredients which cannot be obtained on a day-to-day basis because of market uncertainties and the distance to available sources.

(b) Grinding machinery, $500: This item provides for machinery necessary in the preparation of diets for the hatchery fish.

(c) Troughs, baskets, trays, baffles, bars, $6,540: These are necessary items of fish cultural equipment needed for incubating and hatching eggs, as well as rearing fingerlings to a size for pond rearing.

(d) Water circulation and drainage, $1,000: This item provides piping for distributing water from the hatchery supply line to troughs, as well as removal of waste water from the troughs.