HERALDRY.

II. METALS. COLOURS.

IN a former paper on Heraldry, we treated of the
SHIELD; in the present, we will enter on the TINC-
TURES, used in Heraldry.

Shields were originally covered on the outside, either with a plate of metal, a hard wood, or the thick skin of some animal. The metal shield of a remarkable person would soon become washed either with gold or silver; the wood would in a short time be painted, or the skin would be selected with regard to beauty. Hence the Tinctures of Heraldry.

The most simple plan of dividing these Tinctures, is to consider them as three;-Metals, Colours, and Furs. To begin with the

METALS.

Two only are used in Heraldry, namely, Gold, and Silver, which are called by their French names, Or, and Argent; indeed, we may remark, once for all, that the language of Heraldry is generally drawn from the French. Of these metals, Or, both from its splendour, and from the superior value of the metal itself, ranks first: in painting these Tinctures, yellow, of which chrome is the best, is substituted for Or, and white for Argent, when the metals themselves cannot be laid on; in engravings, Or is represented by an indefinite number of minute spots spread over the shield, while argent is left by the engraver plain, as in the annexed examples.

OR, GOLD,

(yellow.)

ARGENT, SILVER,

(white.)

AZURE, the second colour used in Heraldry, is probably taken from the clear blue of the heavens. The shields of the Saxon Kings of England and the Kings of France will appear to fortify this opinion; but the description of these shields must also be deferred, because, at present, the reader is not informed sufficiently in the terms of Heraldry. In painting, Azure is well produced by ultra-marine, with a slight admixture of white; in engraving, the colour is designated by fine horizontal lines. We may well conceive that VERT, the third colour in Heraldry, is taken from hunting scenes, and the green shades of the forest. Vert is grass-green, and produced by the combination of yellow and blue. It is represented by the engraver by lines falling, diagonally, from the dexter* (or right hand) and upper part of the shield to the base.

AZURE, (blue.)

VERT, (green)..

PURPURE. The language of heraldry is generally derived from the French; this word, however, retains its original Greek aspect, and the colour purple, and the name, have evidently been handed down to us from the throne of the Cæsars. There is, we believe, some uncertainty as to what was the exact shade of the imperial purple, and it is very possible that Heraldry may throw some light on this question. The colour purple, as appearing in coat-armour, is the compound tint of blue and red, in which the red

Though Heraldry uses only two metals she has is just sufficiently predominant to give it warmth, and

been more liberal in the

COLOURS,

of which she permits seven-which are thus named; Gules (red), Azure (blue), Vert (green), Purpure (purple), Sable (black), Tenné (orange), and Sanguine (blood colour.)

GULES, which is a brilliant shade of red, has by many been supposed to be derived from the colour of blood. Indeed, we may easily imagine a warrior, proud of his shield sprinkled with the blood of a formidable antagonist; or that some follower, perhaps a son, who had with great hazard rescued the bloody corpse to which his affections were united, might determine, either in warlike pride, or in the warmth of piety, that the blood-stained shield should never again depart out of his house. This might be accepted as a reason why Gules was admitted among the colours of Heraldry; indeed, in the coat-armour of the noble houses of Hay and Keith, and in the imperial coat of Austria, Gules was introduced as representing blood; but the legends which prove this are better referred to another paper. The etymology of the word, however, would point to another origin, and one which, with our ancestors, was second only to their habit of war, a fondness for the chase. Gules, is evidently derived from the French gueule, a word signifying the jaws and throat of an animal, particularly the dog-whence our vulgar word gullet: and when we remember the beauty of the colour of that part of the animal, the constant display of it by the dog, both in the cry of the chase, and in his fawning on his master, and the affection which exists between the sportsman and his hound, we may

we may, with every probability, connect this colour with antiquity, when we consider, that the Popes, on their obtaining the supremacy at Rome, adopted the imperial colour, and from their example it was used by noble ecclesiastics in their armorial bearings; this colour, indeed, has generally, both in modern and ancient heraldry, originated with the clergy: nevertheless, in the arms of the kings of Leon, and of the noble family of Lacey, earls of Lincoln, there appears a "Lion purpure." This colour is also introduced in the coat of the ancient family of Burton of Longnor, near Shrewsbury. The learned Dr. Burton, Regius professor of Divinity at Oxford, is descended immediately from this house. Purpure is delineated in engravings by lines falling diagonally from the left-hand side of the shield to the base. The arms of Leon are annexed in order to give the reader a first view of the complete heraldic shield, a bearing on a different tincture; namely a lion purpure, on a shield or; general mode of describing this coat for the sake of brevity would be " Or, a lion rampant purpure."

PURPURE, (purple)

the

* In speaking of the dexter and sinister (or left hand) parts of a shield, it is always supposed that the shield is carried on the

SABLE. The ancient warrior armed himself in | amptonshire, Langham of Cottesbroke; in Staffordblack, probably under the idea that his appearance shire, Wrottesley of Wrottesley; Pigot, of Pats would be more terrific to his enemy. It is possible Hull; Littleton of Teddesley; Lawley, Lord Wenthat, in some cases, Sable was chosen as a mourning lock, of Canwell: in Shropshire, Hill of Hawkstone; tint for the loss of some favourite leader. Lyster of Rowton; Cludde of Orleton and Clud. A modern instance of this feeling ocleigh; Smythe Owen of Condover: in Worcestershire, curs in the conduct of the Brunswick Sebright of Besford; in Warwickshire, Boughton of Hussars, who, after the death in battle Lawford, and Shuckburgh of Shuckburgh; in Glouof the late Duke of Brunswick, always cestershire, Hale of Alderley, Kingscote of Kingsappeared in the field in black. The cote; in Devonshire, Wrey of Tawstock, Prideaux of engraver delineates Sable by perpenNetherton, the family of Buller; in Cornwall, the dicular and horizontal lines crossing house of Trelawney; in Hampshire, the Astons of each other. Farnham; in Essex, Wiseman of Canfield Hall; in Sussex, Mill of Camois Court; in Cambridgeshire, Cotton of Landwade; in Rutlandshire, Harrington of Redlington; in Lincolnshire, Thorold of Syston, and the House of Ingilby; in Yorkshire, Kaye of Woodesham, Lawson of Brough Hall, Tempest of Tong, Stapylton of Myton; and in Durham, Smythe of Esh, are some of the instances which abound, of gentle families who blazoned merely in the humble tinctures of black and white.

SABLE, (black.)

TENNÉ and SANGUINE, which are orange and blood colour, are terms mentioned in old books on Heraldry. Their use, however, in blazonry, is so rare as to give rise to the suspicion, that, whenever they were borne it was merely the fanciful deviation of some individual, and not the habit of any house. They are now, we believe, never introduced. Tenné probably has given rise to the word Tawney. In foreign Heraldry, Tenné is borne by the royal family of Holland, in allusion, it is supposed, to the principality of Orange.

In Blazonry, colour is never blazoned on colour, nor metal on metal; the interchange is universally required.

As this paper on colour is necessarily extended to a length too great to admit, at present, the description of the FURS, we will close it by stating what colours and metals have been more generally borne by the different grades of society among our ancestors.

Royal houses and the great noblesse, generally, in their arms adopted the more brilliant contrasts, and used Or very constantly interchanged with Gules or Azure. The coats of England and France are familiar examples of this. A vast majority of the noble followers of William the Conqueror used also the same metal and colours, and so generally, that a very few only lowered the brilliant effect of these combinations, by admitting the colder tincture Argent. Vert, though a beautiful colour in itself, has been very little used in Heraldry. We are not aware that any royal house has adopted this colour. However, though its appearance is not frequent in coat-armour, it has still, in a few instances, been selected by some of the most ancient houses in the kingdom, and also by some who were very noble. Among these we will mention the baronial families of Berners and Poynings, and the knightly house of Drury, of Saxham, in Suffolk. The family of Drury is still remaining in the male line, though its origin is as ancient as the Conquest. To these we may add the very ancient house of Whitmore, of Apley Park, in Shropshire. All these families, distinguished by antiquity, admitted Vert in their armorial ensigns.

In later days, commercial wealth has very much interfered with family distinctions; and, in Heraldry, the more novel coats have generally displayed, perhaps, even a gaudiness in tincture, with crowded and discordant bearings.

In our next Heraldic notice we will treat on the FURS.

WE read in our books of a delicate Athenian being entertained by one much given to hospitality. Finding anon that another was received with like courtesy, and then a third, he grew very angry: "I thought," said he, "I had found a friend's house, but I am fallen into an inn, to entertain all comers, rather than a lodging for some private and especial friends." On this story, the admirable Hales thus expresses himself: "Let it not offend any, that I have made Christianity rather an inn, to receive all, than a private house, to receive some few; for so both precept and example teach us to extend our good offices, not to this not on this or that nation, but on all the world. Julian or that man, but to mankind; like the sun, which ariseth observes of the fig-tree, that above all trees, it is most capable of grafts and scions of other kinds, so far as that all variety will be brought to take nourishment from one stock. Beloved, a christian must be like unto Julian's figtree, so universally compassionate, that so all sorts of grafts, by a kind of Christian inoculation, may be brought to draw life and nourishment from his root."

-HALES.

The first step to knowledge is, to know that we are ignorant. It is a great point to know our place: for want of this, a man in private life, instead of attending to the affairs of his "chest," is ever peeping out, and then he becomes a philosopher! He must then know every thing, of God: not considering that man is finite, he has no and presumptuously pry into the deep and secret councils faculties to comprehend and judge of the great scheme of things. We can form no other knowledge of spiritual things, except what God has taught us in His word, and where He stops we must stop. CECIL.

The generality of the English gentle-houses who bore arms, do not appear to have assumed splendid tinctures in their heraldry. Azure they frequently combined with argent; gules they mostly interchanged with the same metal; but the contrast they commonly used was the most modest of all, argent and sable. We will mention a few instances of this blazonry among the English gentry, premising that THE note of the cuckoo, though uniform, always gives many of the families noticed are of extreme anti-pleasure, because we feel that summer is coming; but quity,-none of later date than from three to four hundred years.

In Lancashire, Hoghton of Hoghton; in Cheshire, Warburton, of both branches; in Nottinghamshire, Clifton of Clifton; in Derbyshire, Harpur of Calke; in Leicestershire, Burton of Stockeston; in North

person of the warrior, and, consequently, the dexter part is opposite the left hand of the spectator.

this pleasure is mixed with melancholy, because we reflect that it will so soon be going again. This is the considerdelight of my heart, then, be in thee, O Lord and Creator ation which imbitters all sublunary enjoyments. Let the of all things, with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of changing.-BISHOP HORNE.

REAL worth flots not with people's fancies, no more than a rock in the sea rises and falls with the tide.—FULLER.

SOCIETY.

I. ON THE PROVISIONS MADE FOR THE
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY

A CAPACITY of improvement seems to be a character
of the human species, both as individuals, and as
existing in a community. By this capacity man is
distinguished, not only from all the forms of lifeless
matter, but from all the various tribes of the brute

creation.

The mechanical and chemical laws of matter are not only unvarying, but seem fitted to preserve all things, either in an unvarying state, or in a regular rotation of changes, except where human means interfere. The instincts of brutes, as has been often remarked, lead them to no improvement: but in man, not only the faculties are open to much cultivation, (in which point he does, indeed, stand far above the brutes, but which yet is not peculiar to our species), but besides this, what may be called the instincts of man, lead to the advancement of society. I mean that he is led to further this object when he has another in view. And this procedure, as far as regards the object which the agent did not contemplate, exactly corresponds to that of instinct.

The workman, for instance, who is employed in casting printing-types, is usually thinking only of producing a commodity by the sale of which he may support himself. With reference to this object, he is acting, not from any impulse that is at all of the character of instinct, but from a rational and deliberate choice. But he is also, in the very same act, contributing most powerfully to the diffusion of knowledge, about which, perhaps, he has no anxiety or thought. With reference to this latter object, therefore, his procedure corresponds to those operations of various animals which we attribute to instinct, since they doubtless derive some immediate gratification from what they are doing. So man is, in the same act, doing one thing by choice, for his own benefit, and another undesignedly, under the guidance of Providence, for the service of the community.

II. ON THE PROGRESS OF CIVILIZATION. THE progress of any community in civilization, by its own internal means, must always have begun from a state above that of complete barbarism; out of which condition it does not appear that men ever did or can raise themselves.

This statement is at variance with the views apparently laid down by several writers on political economy, who have described the case of a supposed race of savages, subsisting on those productions of the earth which grew of themselves, and on the uncertain supplies of hunting and fishing; and have then traced the steps by which the various arts of life would by degrees have arisen, and advanced more and more towards perfection.

One man, it is supposed, having acquired more skill than his neighbours in the making of bows and arrows, or darts, would find it useful, both for them and for himself, to work chiefly at this manufacture, and to exchange these implements for the food procured by others, instead of employing himself in the pursuit of game. Another, from a like cause, would occupy himself wholly in the building of huts, or of canoes; another, in preparing of skins for clothing, &c. And the division of labour having thus begun, the benefits of it would be so evident, that it would rapidly be extended, and would lead each person to introduce improvements into the art to which he would have chiefly directed his attention. Those who had studied the haunts and the habits of certain kinds of wild animals, and had made a trade of supplying

the community with them, would be led to tame such species as were adapted for it, in order to secure a supply of provisions when the chase might prove insufficient. Those who had especially studied the places of growth, and times of ripening, of such wild fruits, or other vegetable productions, as were in request, would be induced to obtain a readier supPly, by cultivating them in suitable spots. And thus, the society being divided into husbandmen, shepherds, and artificers of various kinds, exchanging the produce of their various labours, would advance with more or less steadiness and rapidity, towards the higher stages of civilization.

I have spoken of this description, as being in accordance with the views apparently laid down by some writers; and I have said " apparently," because I doubt whether it is fair to conclude that all, or any of them have designed to maintain that this, or something similar, is a correct account of a matter of fact; namely, that mankind universally, or some portions of them, have actually raised themselves by such a process, from a state of complete barbarism. Some have believed this; but others may have meant merely that it is possible, without contending that it has ever in fact occurred; and others, again, may have not even gone so far as this, but may have intended merely to describe the steps, by which such a change must take place, supposing it ever could

occur.

Be this as it may, when we dismiss for a moment all previous conjectures, and look around us for instances, we find-I think, I may safely affirm,—no one instance recorded of a tribe of savages, properly so called, rising into a civilized state, without instruction and assistance from people already civilized. And we have, on the other hand, accounts of various savage tribes, in different parts of the globe, who have been visited from time to time at considerable intervals, but have had no settled intercourse with

civilized people, and who appear to continue, as far

as can be ascertained, in the same uncultivated state.

It will, perhaps, have occurred to the reader, that the oldest historical records represent mankind as originally existing in a state far superior to that of our supposed savages. The Book of Genesis describes man, as not having been, like the brutes, created, and then left to provide for himself by his own innate bodily and mental faculties, but as having received, in the first instance, immediate Divine instructions and communications. And so early, according to this account, was the division of labour, that of the first two men who were born of woman, the one was a keeper of cattle, and the other a tiller of the ground.

ON THE MUSIC OF ORGANS.

D.

OBSERVE this organ: mark how it goes:
'Tis not the hand of him alone that blows
The unseen bellows; nor the hand that plays
Upon the apparent note-dividing keys,
That makes the well-composed airs appear
Before the high tribunal of thine ear;
They both concur : each acts his several part,
Th' one gives it breath; the other lends it art.
Man is this organ: to whose every action
Heaven gives a breath (a breath without coaction):
Without which blast we cannot act at all;
Without which breath the universe must fall
To the first nothing it was made of: seeing
In Him we live, we move, and have our being.
Thus fill'd with the diviner breath, and back'd
With his first power, we touch the keys and act;
He blows the bellows: as we thrive in skill,
Our actions prove, like music, good or ill.-

-Quarles.