GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. (NOVEMBER 1st, 1845.) EXECUTIVE-PRESIDENT AND CABINET: JAMES K. POLK, of Tennessee, President ..... 6,000 GEORGE M. DALLAS, of Pennsylvania, Vice-President JUDICIARY-SUPREME COURT. ROGER B. TANEY, of Maryland, Chief Justice....Salary $5,000. SAMUEL NELSON, of N. Y. Associate Justice. JAMES M. WAYNE, of Ga. Associate Justice. LEVI WOODBURY, of N. H. JOLN MCLEAN, of Ohio, of Penn. JOHN MCKINLEY, of Ala. [Salary of Associate Justices, $4,500 46 Major-General of the Army-WINFIELD SCOTT, of New-Jersey. Members. XXIXth CONGRESS. Assembled December 1st, 1845; Expires March 3d, 1847. MAINE. George Evans (John Fairfield DELAWARE. .1847 Thomas Clayton ...........1847 Spencer Jarnagin MARYLAND. VIRGINIA. 1849 William S. Archer .1851 [One vacancy.] Term expires. TENNESSEE. 1847 ....1851 Hopkins L. Turney. ..1851 KENTUCKY. ...1849 James T. Morehead. ..1851 John J. Crittenden OHIO. 1847 ...1849 .1849 1851 .1849 NORTH CAROLINA. .1847 Willie P. Mangum 1847 Daniel E. Huger GEORGIA. .1849 John McP Berrien.. .1851 Waiter T. Colquitt. ALABAMA. 1847 Dixon H. Lewis... 1851 Arthur P. Bagby.. MISSISSIPPI. .1847 [One vacancy.] ..1851 Jesse Speight... LOUISIANA. 1847 William Allen Thomas Corwin 1847 .1849 .1849 ....1851. 1847 .1849, 1847 Cheater Ashley. Daniel Sturgeon 1849 Alexander Barrow.. 1947 David Levy [Whigs, in Italics, 24; Locos, in Roman, 26. The Loco-Focos having a majority on joint hallet in the Legislatures of the States of New-Hampshire, Virginia, as well as Mississippi and Indians, where vacancies exist, calculate on 4 more Senators-making 30 in ali, and a clear majority of 6. MAINE. 1..John F. Scammon. NEW-HAMPSHIRE. *Moses Norris, Jr. Mace Moulton, James H. Johnson, [One vacancy.] VERMONT. 1.*Solomon Foot, 2.* Jacob Collamer, 3. George P. Marsh, 4.*Paul Dillingham, Jr. MASSACHUSETTS. 1.* Robert C. Winthrop, 2.*Daniel P. King, 3. Amos Abbott, 4..Benj. Thompson, 5. Charles Hudson, 6..George Ashmun, 7.*Julius Rockwell, 8.*John Quincy Adams, 9..[Vacancy,] 10.*Joseph Grinnell. RHODE ISLAND. 1.*Henry Y. Cranston, ...Lemuel H. Arnold. CONNECTICUT. 1..James Dixon, 2..Samuel D. Hubbard, 3..John A. Rockwell, 4..Truman Smith. NEW-YORK. 27..John De Mott, NEW JERSEY. 1..James G. Hampton, PENNSYLVANIA. DELAWARE. VIRGINIA. 1..John W. Lawrence, 2..HENRY I. SEAMAN, 3..WM. S. MILLER, 4.*William B. Maclay, 5..TH's.M.WOODRUFF, 1..John G. Chapman, 6..WM.W.CAMPBELL, 2..Thomas Perry, 17.*Joseph H.Anderson, 3...Thomas W. Ligon. 8..Wm.W.Woodworth 4.. William F. Giles, 9..Archibald C. Niven, 5..Albert Constable, 10..Samuel Gordon, 6..Edward Long. 11..John F. Collin, 12.. Richard P. Herrick, 13..Bradford R. Wood, 14..Erastus D. Culver, 15..Joseph Russell, 16..Hugh White, 17.*Charles S. Benton, 18.*Preston King, 19.*Orville Hungerford, (20..Timothy Jenkins, 21..Charles Goodyear, (22..Stephen Strong, 23..William J. Hough, 24.*Horace Wheaton, 25.*George Rathbun,' 26..Sam'l S. Ellsworth, NORTH CAROLINA. SOUTH CAROLINA. GEORGIA. 1..Thomas Butler King, ALABAMA. 1..Samuel D. Dargin, MISSISSIPPI. LOUISIANA. OHIO. 1..James J. Faran, * Members of the last Congress. 119.*Daniel R. Tilden, 20.* Joshua R. Giddings 21..Joseph M. Root. KENTUCKY. 1.*Linn Boyd, 2..John H. McHenry, 3.*Henry Grider. 4..Joshua F. Bell, 5..Bryan R. Young, 6..John P. Martin, 7.* Wm. P. Thomassor, 8.*Garrett Davis, 9..Andrew Trumbo, 10.*John W. Tibbatis. TENNESSEE. 1.*Andrew Johnson, 2.. William M. Cocks, 3..John Crozier, 4.*Alvan Cullom, 5.*George W. Jones, 6..Barclay Martin, 7.* Meredith P. Gentry, 8.* Joseph H. Peyton, 9..L. B. Chase, 10..Frederick P.Stanton 11.*Milton Brown. INDIANA. 1.*Robert Dale Owen, 9.. Charles W.Cathcart, 10.*Andrew Kennedy. ILLINOIS. 1.*Robert Smith, 2.*JohnA.McClernand, 3. *Orlando B. Ficklin, 4.*John Wentworth, 5. *Step'n A. Douglass, 6.*Joseph P. Hoge, 7..Edward D. Baker. MISSOURI. *James B. Bowlin, *James H. Relfe, Sterling Price, John S. Phelps, Leonard H. Sims. ARKANSAS. Archibald Yell. [Whigs in Italics; Locos in Roman; Natives in SMALL CAPS. Total Whigs, 76; Leces, 135; Na tives, 6. Vacancies, 4. Mississippi (4) yet to elect. THE TARIFF QUESTION. THE imposition of a Tariff, or schedule of [ral and intolerable distress. The old Contivarying duties on articles imported into the nental" paper had fallen into utter discredit United States from foreign countries, was one and worthlessness; the Specie had been of the earliest acts of the first Congress which drained away to pay for Foreign fabrics, assembled under the Federal Constitution. while, scarcely anything produced in our In the preamble to that act, it is asserted that country would justify the expense of its transthe Protection of Domestic Manufactures is mission to a foreign market, and general de (one of its objects, and to this no objection ap-solation and despair prevailed. The evils so pears to have been made from any quarter. keenly felt on all sides overruled the dread The mechanics and tradesmen of New-York, and dislike of a more powerful central GovBoston, Baltimore and other portions of the jernment cherished by a majority of the leadUnion had urgently and with apparent una-ing minds of that day, especially evinced by nimity petitioned Congress to levy duties for Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson and George this purpose, and so arrest the tide of exces- Clinton. An adequate and beneficent Na(sive and ruinous importation, which, during tional Currency and Protection to Home Inthe absolute Free Trade (on our side) which dustry were so urgently needed, so generally (existed under the old Confederation from desired, that abstract notions of State Inde1783 to 1789, had inundated our ports with pendence yielded to the pressing demand for foreign fabrics, deprived our artisans and la- the benefits to be derived only from a FedeSborers of employment and bread, drained the ral Government competent in itself to guard country of specie, paralyzed its industry and the interests and guide the destinies of the (business, and rendered impossible even the entire Confederacy. collection of taxes. The inability of the Con- Protection to Home Industry was proudly (gress of the Confederation to levy duties with-borne on the banners of the friends of the Sout the express concurrence of all the States Federal Constitution, at their great festival was one of the prime incitements to the more held in this city to celebrate its adoption Sintimate Union established by the Constitution in 1789. It was the key which opened the of 1787-9. The old Congress attempted to popular heart for the reception and defence? Slevy a small revenue duty to provide for the of that instrument which made us truly a payment of at least the interest on the Debt Nation. Its advantages and necessity were mourred in the Revolution. The States gene ably set forth by Alexander Hamilton, Wash rally assented to a measure of such obviousington's Secretary of the Treasury, in his nécessity and justice, but little Rhode Island elaborate Report on Manufactures, 1790. It objected, being then largely engaged in for- was clearly sanctioned by Gen. Washington eign commerce, and her veto defeated the and the first Federal Congress, in the Tariff measure throughout. Meanwhile, the abso-then adopted. Frue, the experimental Tariff lute inability of the People to pay their debts then adopted was generally a low one, but and taxes, for want of any adequate circulat-some of the duties were far higher than the ing medium, led to an alarming popular out-average, and so made expressly for Protection, break in Western Massachusetts, known as as the Debates abundantly establish. [For 'Shays's Rebellion.' In New Hampshire, a abundant citations, see Mr. Choate's Speech its previous, the Legislature sitting at Exe-on the subject, in Senate of the U. S. 1843-4.] Star was surrounded by an armed mob, en- The expediency and necessity of counterdeavoring to extort by intimidation the issue vailing the restrictive Tariffs of other Nations ora State Paper Currency to relieve the gene-injuriously affecting our own staples were forcibly set forth by Mr. Jefferson in his Re--and found our Industry as ill prepared as Sport on the subject as Secretary of State in our Arms for the deadly encounter. We had 1793. The general necessity of Protection to scarcely any Manufactures-we had hitherto? Home Industry, apart from all consideration purchased the better part of our Clothing from Sof the policy of foreign powers, is distinctly the very nation which we now grappled in maintained in the Letters and Messages of phrenzied hostility, and whose cruisers were Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, J. about to seal our coast against the approach) Q. Adams and Jackson, [for which see Slade's of any other vessels from abroad except at (Speech, Ho. of Reps. Dec. 20, 1841, Am. La- their utmost peril. Although possessing the borer. p. 6 to 22, or Whig Almanac, of 1843;] finest and amplest Cotton-growing soil in the in the Speeches, &c. of John C. Calhoun, Dr. world, with unsurpassed facilities for the proThomas Cooper, and other ultra-Southern duction of Wool, Flax, Hemp and Silk, weƐ Statesmen who have more recently appeared were producing none of them but the two as champions of Free Trade; and in the former, and of these our Wool at least was Messages of George Clinton, D. D. Tompkins, inadequate in quantity and inferior in quality. De Witt Clinton, W. L. Marcy, Wm. H. A state of war is necessarily of uncertain duSeward and other eminent Governors of the ration and most unfavorable to the commenceState of New-York. [For citations, see Ame-ment of new industrial enterprises requiring a (rican Laborer, pages 149-151.] large outlay before any return can be real But the breaking out of the great European ized. Labor and materials are then expenwars consequent on the French Revolution sive, and the able-bodied men of the country diverted, to a great extent, the attention of are wanted in the fleets and the armies, in our people from the building up of a self-sus-building ships, forts, &c. or in the production Staining and symmetrical system of Home In- of the means of sustenance for those or of dedustry and Home Markets. Our Maritime struction for their foes. Yet so great was the population found a lucrative though precari- scarcity of materials for Clothing in 1811–12 ous employment in the carrying trade be- and subsequently, that our Government, it is tween the hostile nations, while our Agricul-stated, was compelled to send clandestinely ture was stimulated by the high prices readily to England for the means of clothing the paid in Europe for food for the vast arma- troops they were about to raise with the inments constantly maintained. In the excite-tent of fighting that country, obtaining the ment created by the prospect of immediate needed supplies. under the pretence of purand large gains, the idea of laying broad and chasing 'Indian blankets' to fulfil treaty stipdeep the foundations of permanent and as-ulations with our Western savages. Cloths sured prosperity was overlaid and practically now commanded such exorbitant prices that discarded. The frequent and ruinous inter- if the People had really been compelled by a ruptions of our profitable foreign pursuits by stringent Protection to pay more for them Orders in Council, Berlin and Milan Decrees, during the twenty preceding years, as the unjustifiable Embargoes, illegal confiscations, Free-Traders contend, they would have, reand the various resorts of powers unscrupu-ceived it all back again in the far lower prices Slous in their hostility to each other and in their during the War which their Home Producenvy of our fortune, were treated as disagree-tion under seasonable encouragement would Sable accidents, and failed to make their legit-have inevitably secured. Now the business) imate impression on the public mind. At of Manufacturing was hastily rushed into un(length, the tempest of War burst upon our der the temptation held out by the high prices own shores-a war which would never have of Cloths, without experience, without prooccurred had our pursuits and our policy been per machinery or artisans, for the War would as little dependent on Foreign interests, ne-not allow us to obtain them. Some made cessities or caprices as they should have been money, or thought they did, in the business; |