The Chairman: "How would you arrive at the factor of safety in man?”

Mr. Stimpson: "By a process analogous to that by which we arrive at the same factor in a machine. When we consider a machine we consider the strain to which each part is subjected, but we would not strain it perhaps within onehalf or one-fourth of that point. You must take man into consideration in the same way."

Mr. Coyle: "Who is to determine this for man?"

Man vs. Machine.

Mr. Stimpson: "Specialists, just as we employ specialists in the study of machinery. We employ the specialist who knows what the machinery can stand, and we should use the specialist who knows what the human frame can stand."

The Chairman: "If you load a machine beyond its proper capacity, there will be the danger of breaking it?"

Mr. Stimpson: "Yes, sir.""

The Chairman: "And the very fact that it would cost money to replace that machine would cause the owner to exercise care in its use?"

Thus Mr. Johnson's testimony was but a corroboration of that of several others. Those that had worked under the efficiency systems complained that the minimum time was not ascertained by watching the average workman, but the one who was most proficient. Hence, the protests of the workers of average skill when they found that the minimum time fixed for a certain job could not possibly be reached by them.

To what a degree of nicety the efficiency system had been installed at Rock Island appears from the following testimony of A. A. Gustafson, a tool maker at the arsenal:

"They have a system of efficiency at the Rock Island Arsenal that a man is penalized for such trifles as if he happens to look out of the window and if caught doing it by some officer he would be spoken to and sometimes in a very

quick manner, and it takes him unawares; another time two men will happen to be talking together in the factory-and it has happened in our shop-and the of, ficer in charge will come up and part these two men, pass one to one side of the room and the other to the other side of the room and give them a slip of paper on which to write just what they were talking about. And, of course, there is no chance for a lie or anything, whereas sometimes I do not doubt a workman working for a livelihood feels justified in stretching the truth. And that goes against his efficiency, his deportment, as we call it; it goes on his efficiency card, and he might lose one, two or three points, and the margin is so close that one-tenth of a point will drop down 25 cents a day, and that will run on for six months, and that is your fine or penalty, or whatever it is."

Penalized for Six Months.

After answering some questions, Mr. Gustafson told of a worker who lost in his rating because he had laid off to take charge of the funeral of his son.

"There was a case of a man-and this is to show where it is hard to have cooperation between the management and the workmen that laid off to bury his own son; but at the end of the next six months, when the rating came down, he was cut 25 cents, and he asked the reason why and they took him, and showed him on the cards that he was absent two or three days, and that was the only cause for his rate dropping down, because he had been home to bury his own son."

On one occasion, however, it appears, there was a stampede for the windows in spite of the risk of being disrated; that was when Aviator Atwood passed by in his coast-to-coast flight.

When Atwood Passed.

Mr. Tilson: "Is an exception made on circus days?"

Mr. Gustafson: "No; circus parades do not come by the arsenal. We are too far away for that. But there is one case where an exception was made and I will cite it to you. When this flying machine man made his long flight over the country, he flew over the arsenal, and somebody said, 'Here comes the flying machine man,' and that day every man went and looked at him flying over the building, and I do not believe the general, or colonel, or anybody, could have stopped the men from going to see him."

The Chairman: "Were the men penalized for doing that?"

Mr. Gustafson: "Nobody saw it but the foreman, and he ran, too."

According to Mr. Gustafson the Rock Island Arsenal is a gloomy place. The workers have solemn, funeral expressions and rarely crack a smile. General Crozier and Major King tried to discredit Mr. Gustafson by declaring that the latter had been disciplined. They told how he had, in a sudden transport of exhuberance, taken a floor mop and danced about in comic fashion to the amusement of the rest of the workers. For this performance he was reduced five points. in deportment.

MARA

ARRIAGE is a private compact entered into by a man and a woman for the purpose of establishing and maintaining the co-operative family; and for improving and perpetuating the human species. It is founded on the scientific discoveries of Chas. Darwin, "natural selection" and "the survival of the fittest." It is determined by "economic condition." It is temporary in its nature since it is dependent on the "sentimental affinity" of the contracting parties. Being purely personal in character, it does not come within the scope of State regulation, excepting in the matters of "physical fitness and registration for the purpose of vital statistics." It may be entered into and dissolved at the pleasure of the parties concerned without the sanction of civil or ecclesiastical law, and no person can give a lawful reason why this man and this woman should not enter into such contract.

You N.... and N.... are now you here present before the Mayor and these witnesses, to consummate this your personal agreement. You may, therefore, join your right hands."

(The Mayor shall then say to the man):

"Do you N.... declare N.... the woman whom you now hold by the hand, to be your chosen co-partner for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a co-operative family?"

Ans.: "I do so declare."

"Do you promise to love her and to perform your proper share of labor in maintaining said family, and to live with. her after the ordinance of the Co-operative Commonwealth, until at the pleasure of either of you this compact shall be dissolved?"

Ans.: "I do so promise."

(The Mayor shall then say to the woman):

"Do you N.... declare N.... the man whom you now hold by the hand, to be your chosen co-partner for the purpose of establishing and maintaining the cooperative family?"

Ans.: "I do so declare."

"Do you promise to perform your proper share of labor in maintaining said. family and to live with him after the ordinance of the Co-operative Commonwealth until at the pleasure of either of you this compact shall be dissolved?"

Ans.: "I do so promise."

(The Mayor shall then say):

"What pledge and token do you give that you will faithfully keep this vow?"

(The groom shall then give to the Mayor a gold ring.* The Mayor shall say to the bride):

*If desired a copy of Marx on "Capital;" Engel's "Origin of the Family," or some other suitable socialistic work may be used instead of the ring.

LA

AST fall, at Madison, Wisconsin, two Governors spoke on the same day and at the same hour. One was Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey; the other, Governor W. R. Stubbs of Kansas. One is a Democrat; the other a Republican. Both addressed themselves to the great issues of the day.

Here is what Governor Wilson said in concluding his speech:

"We have come to a parting of the ways; to choose the wrong way would be fatal. We cannot postpone the day of adjustment, because, if we do postpone it, we come to such a point of passion that it cannot be justly effected. We must undertake it now while we are calm and can come to a fair settlement."

Our Pressing Duty.

Now, consider the concluding words of Governor Stubbs' address:

"I am here," he said, "to tell you that, if we do not soon take this government away from the politicians, they and their interests will lay their hard tribute upon us; and if we leave this issue unsettled for those who come after us to wrestle with, the next generation will pay grievously for our neglect of a most pressing duty."

This condition, so impartially stated by representatives of both political parties, explains some of the causes of Socialism. As Spiritualists and Christian

Scientists have volunteered to blaze a way not discovered by the churches, so Socialists propose to lead us out of the wilderness of monopolies in which we so long have wandered.

Socialism's Many Aspects.

We may as well give credit for sincerity to at least a few of those who disagree with us, either in dogma or in economics. Merely to denounce and misrepresent our opponents does not help either to convert or to controvert them; out of that we shall get nothing but more stupid antagonism. The Socialist is "most remarkable like you,' but he is various-not one kind of man nor one kind of thinker: we have Christian Socialists, Marxian Socialists, State Socialists (or Socialists of the Chair, which is nearly the same), Fabian Socialists, or Opportunist Socialists, Communist Socialists and Anarchist Socialists, which differ more from one another than we differ from all Socialists. Besides these, and including many of them, are the Social Democrats, Socialist Laborites and, naturally, many other varieties of opinion and party. No platform has ever been formulated on which most Socialists would be likely to agree: even among strict party Socialists there is great diversity of opinion both as to the means and the aim of success. In a general way, however, it may be said