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Opinion of the Court--Currey, J.

of the parties to appoint an appraiser would keep the lease on foot forever. The object of the parties was, in the first place, to secure to the lessees thirty days within which to surrender the premises to the lessor, and, in the second place, to ascertain the amount which the lessor should pay the lessees for the improvements which they had placed on the premises after the date of the lease. That the plaintiff offered and tendered to the defendants the full value of such improvements is in evidence, and does not, in fact, seem to be disputed. What more could the plaintiff have done? He could not compel the defendants to select an appraiser on their part to determine, with one chosen by the plaintiff, the value of these improvements, nor could a Court of equity have compelled them to do so had suit been brought for the purpose, nor could the plaintiff have had a mandamus for such purpose. The plaintiff did all that he could or was. bound to do in the premises, and his offer to make payment and his readiness so to do at the time of the trial was all that could justly be required of him. The defendants cannot be permitted to say that the relation of landlord and tenant was still subsisting between the parties at the time the action was brought. They had denied the relation previously, and refused for a time to pay the rent due. They cannot, for one purpose, say they are tenants, and for another say they are not. They were tenants until the lease was determined by the notice of thirty days to surrender, and the demand for rent up to the 22d of April could not operate to keep on foot the relation of landlord and tenants after the expiration of the thirty days specified in the notice, because the thirty days expired after the term for which rent was demanded. We deem it unnecessary to pursue the subject further. We think substantial justice was done to the parties by the Court below, and that the judgment should be affirmed.

Judgment affirmed.

Opinion of the Court-Rhodes, J.

[65] *BERNARD STOUT AND JOSEPH S. SHUSTER v. OLIVER C. COFFIN.

1 VARIANCE BETWEEN COMPLAINT AND PROOF.-The rule that the allegata and probata must correspond is not abrogated by the Civil Practice Act. The plaintiff must prove his contract as alleged in his complaint, or he is not entitled to recover.

ALLEGATA AND PROBATA TO CORRESPOND.-If the complaint charges that the defendant received goods as a common carrier and warehouseman, to be stored by him, and by the next boat to be by him shipped and carried and conveyed to the place of destination, and to be by him there safely delivered to the plaintiffs, proof that defendant received the goods in his warehouse as bailee, and shipped them according to plaintiffs' directions, does not entitle plaintiffs to recover.

SAME.--In such case plaintiffs cannot recover without proof that the defendant contracted to convey the goods.

APPEAL from the District Court, City and County of San Francisco.

Plaintiffs recovered judgment in the Court below, and defendant appealed.

The other facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.

S. F. & J. Reynolds, for Appellant.

Crockett & Whiting, for Respondents.

By the Court, RHODES, J.:

The plaintiffs sue to recover the value of goods which they allege they delivered to the defendant, to be shipped to the county of Fresno, and which the defendant received as a "common carrier, warehouseman and forwarding merchant," to be safely and securely taken, stored and kept by him, "and by the boat next departing from the said town of Martinez to be safely and securely taken and conveyed, or caused to be conveyed, by the said defendant, for the said plaintiffs, from the said town of Martinez to the county of Fresno, in the State aforesaid, and then and there, at the said county of Fresno, to be safely and securely delivered

1. Cited, Clark v. Phoenix Ins. Co., 36 Cal. 175.

Opinion of the Court-Rhodes, J.

by the defendant, his servant or agents, to the said plaintiffs, for a certain reward, to be paid by the said plaintiffs to the said defendant therefor."

*The breach alleged is, that the defendant neglected [66] and refused to store and safely keep the goods, and neglected and refused to convey, or cause to be conveyed, the goods from Martinez to Fresno County, or there to be delivered to the plaintiffs, but wrongfully and negligently permitted them to be taken and carried away by persons to the plaintiffs unknown, and neglects and refuses to deliver them to the plaintiffs.

The defendant denies that he was a warehouseman or forwarding merchant, or that he was a common carrier, except by his ferryboat between Martinez and Benicia, and denies all the allegations of the complaint respecting the contract and his receipt of the goods, and denies that he permitted them to be taken or carried away, because he says he never had the charge or custody of the goods.

The defendant requested the Court to give the following instruction to the jury: "Before the jury can rightfully render a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs against the defendant, it must be found and determined from the evidence that defendant contracted with plaintiffs to carry, or cause to be carried, the goods mentioned in the complaint, from Martinez, in Contra Costa County, to the County of Fresno." The Court refused the instruction, and the defendant excepted, and now assigns the refusal as error.

The words "carry or cause to be carried," employed in the instruction, are of similar import to the words "conveyed or caused to be conveyed" as used in the complaint. The respondents object to the instruction, on the ground that it assumes that it was incumbent on them to prove that the defendant undertook to transport the goods from Martinez to Fresno, and say that the gist of the action is that the defendant received the goods as a bailee for shipment to a specified place, instead of which he allowed them to be taken away and lost. One of the material issues of fact raised by the pleadings, is whether the plaintiffs and

Opinion of the Court-Rhodes, J.

defendant entered into the contract mentioned in the complaint; and a material and substantial portion of the contract was, that the goods were to be "taken and

conveyed or caused to be conveyed by the said de[67] fendant" *from Martinez to Fresno County. There can be no doubt that the complaint states a contract to convey, and this is the more apparent when the allegations in that respect are read in connection with the allegation that the goods were "to be safely and securely delivered by the defendant, his servant or agents, to the plaintiff's" at Fresno, and that the defendant was a common carrier. The gist of the action is that the defendant lost the goods he received under contract not only to ship them, but also to carry or convey them to their destination. The instruction is but an expression of the familiar rule of evidence that the plaintiff's must prove the contract as alleged in their complaint, otherwise they are not entitled to recover in the action. (1 Phil. Ev., C. H. and E. Notes, 864, Note 240.) Proof that the defendant was to convey the goods, is as essential to maintain the action as proof that he received or was to deliver the goods-in fact, without such proof the contract alleged would be a materially different one from that proven. The rule that the probata must correspond with the allegata is not abrogated by the Practice Act. The case affords a good illustration of the propriety and necessity of the rule that the proof must correspond with the substantial allegations of the pleadings. The evidence tends to prove that the goods were shipped according to the plaintiffs' directions on a steamer, and were lost while in charge of the persons who were conveying them; and if the evidence had, in the opinion of the jury, amounted to proof of those facts, no recovery could be had against the defendant for the loss of the goods, without proof that he contracted to convey them.

The consequences of a variance between the averments in a pleading and the proof are the same under our system of practice as at common law, except that they may be, to a great extent, obviated by amendments to the pleadings,

Opinion of Sanderson, C. J., concurring specially.

which are allowed with great liberality. The allegations made in setting out the contract, that the defendant undertook to convey, or caused to be conveyed, the goods to their destination, are not of the class that are usually denominated impertinent, and which may be struck out as surplus

age, and of which proof is not required, but they [68] form the very substance of the contract, and must be proved. (1 Phil. Ev., C. H. and E. Notes, 815, and Note 240.)

Judgment reversed and cause remanded for a new trial.

Mr. Justice CURREY, having been of counsel, did not sit in this case.

SANDERSON, C. J., concurring specially:

Excessive damages was one of the grounds upon which a new trial was claimed in this case. The true measure of the damages was the value of the goods and lawful interest thereon. The value of the goods, according to the allegations of the complaint and the evidence (in which there is no conflict) was three hundred and fifty-five dollars. Lawful interest upon that sum, from the time at which the goods were lost up to the date of the trial, is ninety-two dollars and forty-five cents (if I have made no error in the computation), making the true amount which the plaintiffs were entitled to recover, if at all, four hundred and forty-seven dollars and forty-five cents. Yet the jury found a verdict for five hundred and fifty dollars, which was too much by one hundred and two dollars and fifty-five cents. For this reason I concur in the judgment reversing and remanding the case for a new trial.

Mr. Justice SAWYER expressed no opinion.

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