limits of the resolution and indulged in sectional and personal attacks in keeping with his views as to the powers and rights of the States. Webster replied to Hayne's speech without special preparation and extemporaneously, and that he answered Hayne has never been seriously questioned. The fathers of the Constitution spoke through the orator, and it was a great masterly plea for a complete union and the national government.

It inspired intense patriotism in young and old and placed Webster and Marshall side by side as preservers of the Constitution. They were to the Constitution, in their time, what Hamilton was in the age that witnessed its formation and establishment. The conclusion of that great speech has been so often repeated by the youth and age of this country on oratorical and patriotic occasions that it is familiar to all, and it is not too much. to say that it largely inspired the patriotism that made possible the United States.

Fifty years ago an angular frontier lawyer from Illinois went to the White House, bearing on his stooping shoulders a greater burden that even Washington carried. Indeed, he bore a greater burden than has ever been carried by another single human being; but he bore that burden with a spirit of solemn consecration to the great duties before him, and with trust and confidence in God and in the final triumph of the right. How well he performed those duties is evidenced by the reverent love in which his memory is held, not only in every part of a reunited and indivisible Union, but throughout the civilized world.

Great as other men in public life have been, Abraham Lincoln is the greatest character in the history of the United States, and, I think, in the history of the world. Certainly no man was ever more intensely patriotic than Abraham Lincoln, and no man ever gave more to his country. He gave the product of years of the best part of his life, and finally his life. What more can a man give to his country! What higher example could be given those who were later to come upon the scene of national life, or what nobler example for all the people of our beloved country!

Lincoln did not go to the White House unprepared to meet the great duties and responsibilities placed upon him by his fellow countrymen. For years before his election, he had given deep

thought to the one great problem then confronting us as a nation, and while he did not know when or by what means the problem would finally be settled, he had an abiding faith that, with Divine assistance, the Union would be preserved and the Constitution of Hamilton, Marshall, and Webster upheld.

One of Lincoln's characteristics was his ability to meet great occasions. His debates with Stephen A. Douglas in 1858 demonstrated that he was a man of great intellectual power, but his speech at Cooper Institute in New York City early in 1860 convinced the nation that he was a great man. His argument there on the slavery question was a constitutional argument against the claims of the South equally as sound as Webster's reply to Hayne. It was full of the high and earnest character of the man, and foreshadowed what might be expected of him in the future. Of this speech, Joseph H. Choate said: "He spoke upon the theme which he had mastered so thoroughly. He demonstrated by copious historical proofs and masterly logic that the fathers had created the Constitution in order to form a more perfect union, to establish justice, and to secure the blessings of liberty to themselves and their posterity, intending to empower the Federal Government to exclude slavery from the territories." In the kindliest spirit, he protested against the avowed threat of the Southern States to destroy the Union if, in order to secure freedom in those vast regions, out of which future states were to be carved, a Republican President were elected. He closed with an appeal to his audience, spoken with all the fire of his aroused and kindling conscience, with a full outpouring of his love of justice and liberty, to maintain their political purpose on that lofty and unassailable issue of right and wrong which alone could justify it and not to be intimidated from their high resolve and sacred duty by any threats of destruction to the government or of ruin to themselves. He concluded with this telling sentence, which drove the whole argument home to our hearts: "Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith, let us, to the end, dare to do our duty, as we understand it." That night the great hall, and the next day the whole city, rang with delighted applause and congratulations, and he who had come as a stranger departed with the laurels of a great triumph.

Lincoln's first inaugural address made plain to the people his purpose, under God, to maintain an undivided country and from that moment he enjoyed the love and confidence of the great mass of his countrymen and countrywomen. When the American flag was shot from the heights of Fort Sumter, Lincoln was called upon to decide whether the power of a State under the Constitution was greater than the power of the Nation, and history records his answer.

During the dark and troubled times that followed, he displayed that clear and unerring judgment that only great men possess. It is too often the case that our esteem for men is measured by the difficulties they surmount, but that is not true regarding Lincoln. The greatness that is justly attributed to his intellect and judgment is but a small part of his claim to the reverence of his countrymen. While a great intellect commands admiration, it is only the heart that can inspire great and enduring love. Lincoln's heart was as tender and as responsive as the heart of an affectionate child. No unusual or influential appeal was required to call forth his love for his fellow men. It was as quickly responsive to the call of the most humble as to the call of the most powerful. It was always as ready to soften the sorrow of some poor mother, whose boy had given his life for his country, as to gladden the life of one in high station. Who could fail to love and reverence such a character?

The great heart of Abraham Lincoln was opened to the whole world in his brief address at the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery. In an address covering less than two ordinary book pages, he gave to the world, not only a literary classic, but a volume of love and sorrow that will live forever. It is a tribute that only a great heart can utter, and one that made certain the immortality of its author.

THE PRESIDENT: The Local Committee, through Mr. J. A. Devitt, desires to make an announcement.

MR. DEVITT: The Local Committee desires to be advised at as early a time as possible, the number that will attend the banquet tonight, which will be held in the dining room of the Lacey Hotel. We have arranged an automobile ride at the close of this after

noon's program. The members will be taken to the Country Club, where a light lunch will be served, and you will be taken back in time for the banquet.

THE PRESIDENT: The next number on the program is "Particularist Society", F. F. Dawley, Cedar Rapids.

MR. DAWLEY: If I should cover this subject the way it ought to be done, it would only take me about two hours and I fear very much if I undertook that at this time of the day I might be disbarred. So I will relieve your fears by saying that in order that I may hold myself down, I have prepared a brief synopsis or skeleton of the subject, which I will read, and for further particulars reference is hereby made to the original source from which I obtained the matter, the same being hereby referred to and made a part hereof as fully as though set forth herein at length.

PARTICULARIST SOCIETY

That form of society in which the family always remain together, ruled by the patriarch of the family, tribe, or clan, in which property is held in common and the individual members must depend upon the community for everything, is called patriarchal or communal society. Particularist society is precisely the opposite of this. In it there is individual independence and self-reliance, the members of the family, as they grow up, go out and make places for themselves, there is individual ownership of property; instead of the individual depending upon the community or the government for his maintenance, the government is the creature of the individual and depends for its powers upon the consent of the governed. The so-called Anglo-Saxon races are particularists, individualists, as contrasted with ancient peoples and the other modern races.

How this particularist form of society originated and developed has been the subject of investigation by some French scholars in social science, one of whom, Henri de Tourville, has elaborated their views in a work entitled, in the English translation, "The Origin and Growth of Modern Nations." A statement of his theory may be of interest to lawyers, because it not only throws new light upon the history of the nations of Western

Europe but also gives new ideas of the origin of certain estates in real property, and of the feudal system, and of certain tendencies of our race which have affected our ideas of government and which may affect some of the great problems now before us. The author traces the particularist peoples from the ancient Goths who came from Russia or Asia into Germany and Scandinavia before the Christian era. They were wandering shepherds, of the patriarchal type of society. Never remaining long in one place, they held no property in land. Personal property belonged to the family or tribe in common. That portion of the Gothic race which settled in what is now northern Germany and then extended by successive migrations into eastern Scandinavia and thence to the western coast of Norway, underwent a complete transformation from the patriarchal, communal type to the particularist type of society. The transformation was wrought by the physical nature of the countries in which they settled. That part of the race which did not reach Norway did not become particularists, but retained their former characteristics and tendencies.

On reaching Germany and eastern Scandinavia, these bands of Goths could go no farther, but were obliged to become sedentary and depend upon the cultivation of the soil. Their country, northern Germany and southern Sweden, still called Gothland, contained such a network of waterways, lakes, and coast lines that they were also obliged to learn watercraft and become familiar with the use of small boats, which to this day are the principal means of communication between the people of those regions.

Sedentary life and the cultivation of the soil loosened the ties of the patriarchal family. It became more difficult for them to remain together as the land became occupied and a continuous migration then occurred, of the more adventurous and capable members of the family, each seeking a new home for himself. This they were well able to do, as they were perfectly at home on the water and their small boats found a safe way before them along the coasts and in the fiords of Norway. The coast is protected by a chain of islands making a sheltered passage-way between the islands and the main land, and the land is everywhere