years, and salary $1600. The duty of this officer is to collect and arrange books, records, and materials illustrative of the history of Iowa and the Western States. He also collects and preserves mementos of the pioneers and soldiers of Iowa. CHAPTER XII STATE INSTITUTIONS I. Educational The State has established three large schools for the higher education of its young people. These are the State University at Iowa City, the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at Ames, and the State Normal School at Cedar Falls. 2. Reformatory-It has also established an Industrial School for the reformation and education of incorrigible and criminal children. This school has two departments or branches-one for boys at Eldora, and one for girls at Mitchellville. The age at which children may be committed to these institutions is as follows-boys between the ages of nine and sixteen; girls between the ages of nine and eighteen. 3. Penal-For the detention, punishment and reformation of persons convicted of grave offenses against the laws of the State there are penitentiaries at Fort Madison and Anamosa. At the latter place the prison has a separate department for women. Charitable Iowa has also made generous provision for its needy and afflicted. Its chief benevolent institutions are the Hospital for the Insane at Mt. Pleasant; Hospital for the Insane at Clarinda; School for the Deaf at Council Bluffs; Hospital for Inebriates at Knoxville; Soldiers' Home at Marshalltown; Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Davenport. 5. Supervision-The general supervision of the State University is exercised by a Board of Regents consisting of the Governor of the State and the Superintendent of Public Instruction, together with one person from each congressional district of the State elected by the General Assembly. The State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and the State Normal School are managed by boards of trustees elected by the General Assembly. All other State institutions are under the management of the Board of Control. CHAPTER XIII JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT 1. Judicial Power. (98)—The judicial power of the State is vested in a Supreme Court, District Court, and such other inferior courts as the General Assembly may from time to time establish. 2. Supreme Court. (99)-As originally established, the Supreme Court consisted of three Judges; but, under the power given the General Assembly to increase the number of Judges, the court as now constituted has six members. 3. Election and Term. (100) The Judges are elected by the qualified voters of the State for terms of six years each-the terms being so classified that two Judges are elected every two years. The Judges whose terms first expire serve as Chief Justice for one year each, in the order of their seniority, the senior in age serving first. A Judge of the Supreme Court is ineligible to any other State office during the term for which he is elected. 4. Jurisdiction. (101)-The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction in cases in chancery, and is a court for the correction of errors at law. It has no original jurisdiction, that is, no suit or action of any kind can be first begun in the Supreme Court. All legal proceedings are begun in some of the lower courts, and are brought into the Supreme Court by appeal. 5. Chancery and Law. (101)-For the purposes of this work, the distinction between chancery and law may be thus explained: All cases brought in court for a mere money demand, as for instance an ordinary action to collect a debt or recover damages, are triable to a jury and are called actions at law; while all cases in which something more than a mere money judgment is asked; as, the granting of a divorce, the foreclosure of a mortgage, or the setting aside a fraudulent deed, are triable to the court without a jury, and are called suits in chancery. 6. On Appeal. (101)-On appeal in a chancery case the Supreme Court hears and decides the controversy upon its merits without any reference to the decision from which the appeal is taken; but upon an appeal in an action at law it considers only the alleged errors or improper rulings of the lower court, and if it finds that a mistake has been made sends the case back for new trial. If no error is found the judgment appealed from is affirmed. 7. Clerk-The Clerk of the Supreme Court keeps the records of the proceedings of that tribunal, and issues all writs and orders necessary to carry its decisions into effect. 8. Reporter-The decisions of the Supreme Court are ordinarily accompanied by written opinions declaring and explaining the law upon the points or questions decided. It is the duty of the Reporter to collect and publish these opinions in book form. The series of books thus issued is known as the "Iowa Reports.' 9. Terms of Office-The Clerk and Reporter are elected for terms of four years each, beginning with the year 1898. IO. District Court. (102) The State was originally divided into eleven judicial districts, in each of which was selected one District Judge. The districts now number twenty, are of irregular size, and have from one to four judges each. The court consists of a single Judge. Although there may be two or more Judges in a District, they do not sit together for the trial of cases. In this manner the court may be in session at several different places in the same district at the same time. II. Election of Judges. (102)-Judges of the District Court are elected for terms of four years each by the qualified voters of their respective districts, and during the term for which they are elected are ineligible to any other State office except that of Judge of the Supreme Court. 12. Jurisdiction. (103)-The District Court is a court of law and equity. The word "equity" as here used is equivalent to the word "chancery" already explained. Its jurisdiction embraces practically every kind of legal controversy, civil and criminal. All civil actions where the amount in controversy is over one hundred dollars must be brought in the District Court, while those involving a less sum may also be brought there or |