ance of a village, from the number of tress growing among the houses. Bazaars form the streets, which, as usual, are completely shaded from the sun; but here trees supply the place of the mats which are used for the purpose in most towns. The market-day occurred while I was here. I have in England been at fairs and races, and have witnessed the com. memoration days in Paris, and the masquerades and carnivals in Catania and Naples; but all fall short, in gay variety and general beauty of costume, of this Turkish market. The foliage of the plants and trees growing in the streets formed a pleasant relief to the dazzling whiteness of the veils, and the splendid colours of the embroidered trousers, of the multitudes of women attending the market; light blue worked with silver was very commonly seen in the dresses of the peasants, and every turban had its bunch of roses or other flowers. The noise of voices was louder than is usual in scenes of the kind; for the passing of camels and loaded asses through the crowd called forth continually the warning voice of the driver. The women had their children tied on their backs, and these, with the gay colour of their dresses and their heads ornamented with coins, contributed their part to the general picturesque effect."

Mr. Fellows, or some one accompanying him, killed, as he thought, a vulture at Laodiceia; but though shot the tenacious creature was not dead, nor after having been bagged, easily mastered. Its sufferings must have wrung its capturer's heart, when he discovered its love of life and incapacity of dying:

"It was shot at about nine o'clock, and at the time was washing itself in a stream after its hearty meal upon the dead camel. It was wounded in the head and neck, and dropped immediately; but, upon taking it up, its talons closed on the hand of my servant, making him cry out with pain. He placed it on the ground, and I stood with my whole weight upon his back, pressing the breast-bone against the rock, when its eye gradually closed, its hold relaxed, and to all appearance life became extinct. It was then packed up in my leather hood, and strapped behind the saddle. The day was oppressively hot, for we trod upon our shadows as we rode across the plain. Until this evening (at eleven o'clock) the vulture remained tightly bound behind the saddle. My servant, on unpacking, threw the bundle containing it into the tent, while he prepared boiling water for cleaning and skinning it. Intending to examine this noble bird more carefully, I untied the package, and what was my surprise to see it raise its head and fix its keen eye upon me! I immediately placed my feet upon its back, holding by the top of the tent, and leaning all my weight upon it; but with a desperate struggle it spread out its wings, which reached across the tent, and by beating them attempted to throw me off. My shouts soon brought Demetrius, who at length killed it by blows upon the head with the butt end of his gun. My ignorance of the extreme tenacity of life of this bird must exculpate me from the charge of cruelty."

With a notice which is also within the range of natural history, we conclude. Mr. Fellows is on his road towards Smyrna :

"Strings of camels are continually passing, each comprising about forty-five, and headed by a man upon an ass, who leads the first, the others being mostly connected by slight cords. It is a beautiful sight to see the perfect training and docility of these animals. The caravans, as the weather is becoming warmer, are beginning to travel by night, generally halting at about ten or eleven o'clock in the morning. The care of the camels seems to be very much left to the children. I have just watched a string of them stopping on an open plain: a child twitched the cord suspended from the head of the first; a loud gurgling growl indicated the pleasure of the camel as it awkwardly knelt down, and the child, who could just reach its back, unlinked the hooks which suspended from either side the bales of cotton; another child came with a bowl of water and a sponge, and was welcomed with a louder roar of pleasure as it washed the mouth and nostrils of the animal. This grateful office ended, the liberated camel wandered off to the thicket, to browse during the day; and this was done to each of the forty-five, which all unbidden had knelt down precisely as the one I have described, forming a circle which continued marked during the day by the bales of goods lying at regular distances. On a given signal in the afternoon, at about three o'clock, every camel resumed its own place, and knelt between its bales, which were again attached, and the caravan proceeded on its tardy course. I am not surprised at finding the strong attachment of these animals to the children; for I have often seen three or four of them, when young, lying with their heads inside a tent in the midst of the sleeping children, while their long bodies remained outside."

ART. XIII.-Account of the Temple Church, London. With Architectural Illustrations. By R. W. BILLINGS. London: Boone. 1836. We have in this splendid volume a succinct history of the Temple Church, compiled from preceding writers, and a lengthened and minute series of engravings conveying a complete, connected, and professional idea of its architecture and peculiar artistic features. Upon neither of these subjects and portions of the work do we enter, although we believe that these "Architectural Illustrations" will supply a deficiency that has, until the publication of the work before us, been frequently felt and acknowledged. There is however prefixed to the historical "Account" an Essay written by Edward Clarkson, Esq., a gentleman of celebrity in all that regards Egyptian antiquities, that is not only learned but extremely interesting, as an attempt to explain and connect the symbolic evidences of the Temple Church with the most ancient and pervading forms and measurements of Freemasonry; and of which, although we make no pretensions to be competent critics, we proceed to offer an abstract.

Mr. Clarkson's inquiry tends mainly to this, were the Knights Templars, whose principal establishment in this country was what is now called the Temple Church, the dangerous and idolatrous order that a writer of great reputation has recently represented

them to have been? In the prosecution of his inquiry our author does not at all trouble himself with the history of the order, which would have been an unnecesary work; but he directs himself partly to the illustration of the theory recently maintained by the celebrated Von Hammer, above alluded to, who argues that the Eastern order of the Assassins and that of the Knights Templars were in some respects connected, in others identical, and partly to a new proposition, viz., that the architecture of the Temple Church in London, furnishes proofs of the doctrine, carrying it out, however, to greater length, to more extended and varied spheres, and applying it with more minuteness than the German has done.

In his history of the "Old Man of the Mountain," or of the Assassins, a work which we brought under the notice of our readers two or three years ago, Von Hammer found from facts and resemblances much of identification between the two orders named, such evidences of mystery indeed as might be traced to the earliest times in the East, -those regarding the forms of initiation, the obligation to secrecy, the styles of dress, the arrangement of Masters and subordinate officers, and a variety of other ascertained points, being unquestionable. Our author examines the proofs of connexion and identification alluded to, fully agreeing in Von Hammer's conclusion, which brings him to a point where he feels it proper to announce and describe what is his own position, viz., "that the Temple Church built and instituted by the Templars in London, was a copy (varied doubtless in many of its details) from the Temple of Jerusalem, of which the purpose of their institution as a military order gave them the possession and guardianship." Mr. C. continues to assert, that " of that Temple at Jerusalem, the preceding Temple of Solomon supplied beyond any question the archetypal, if not the material model. Just so the Mosaic Ark in the wilderness furnished the ideal, and in a great measure the architectural, model of the Temple of Solomon. The close affinity between the masonic forms and ideal associations there adopted, and the masonic forms and ideal associations connected with the Pyramids, has been repeatedly urged, and, as we think, demonstrated." The Great Pyramid, he says was the first great Lodge of ancient Egyptian freemasonry. "All the forms and measures adopted there, both externally and internally, were symbolical of certain dogmas, religious, social, scientific, or philosophical,-that is, Freemasonry. Freemasonry remains the same whether in a Pagan or a Christian garb; whether at Eleusis, at Memphis, at Crotona, in the Caves of Zoroaster, or in the secret chambers and galleries of the Christian Temple at Jerusalem." Again, -" There are five secret societies, at various times, remote or recent, in the history of the progress of society, the existence of which is established-all employing similar Masonic symbols and secrets, ac

companied with certain numerical and geometrical signs:-first, the Pythagoreans of Crotona; second, the Gnostics; third, the Assassins; fourth the Templars; and fifth, the Secret Tribunal of Westphalia. Their existence is not a matter of theoretical surmise. but it is an established historical fact. We might have added to these, the Hetarists and Carbonari; but their modern existence is not material to our inquiry."

Our author will not have it that there was any other link between the doctrines of the above-named societies and the Jacobinical tenets and objects of the early French Revolution, which some have imagined might be traced, than what consisted of the methods which all secret associations must adopt for the sake of co-operation, and trustworthiness of the individual members to one another, and to the cause in which each is engaged.

We go on to quote some more passages at length, and to give an abstract of others. Speaking still of Freemasonry, its origin, its promulgations, and its corruptions, Mr. C. says,

"Its doctrines, its rites, its institutions, corrupted, varied, or improved in the various nations to which its missionaries conveyed them,-contained the traditions, the predictions, and the means of instruction of the first patriarchal church which united all the families and languages of mankind. The fragments of that compact religious frame-work, though broken up and rendered dissimilar by the various channels through which they passed in their transfer, exhibit every where the most startling and irresistible evidences of their original singleness, and of their family identity. The same masonic evidences of a single Patriarchal Church are to be found at the same time in different hemispheres, and at opposite sides of the globe. They are to be found equally at Stonehenge, and at the recently discovered Mexican city of Palenque.

"This being fairly inferred, we have a right to infer also that the new Temple established on the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, would exhibit the masonic forms and signs and symbols peculiar to religious masonry in all parts of the world, but especially peculiar to the Temple of Solomon, the site of which it occupied, and which it superseded or succeeded. That structure is destroyed, and with it those symbolic evidences of religious Freemasonry are obliterated; but fortunately we have under our own eye in Londen, a shoot from the parent stem, a daughter of the eastern mother, a transcript of the same architectural model, to be equally found in the Mosaic Ark and in the Temple of Solomon. Does any one doubt that every measure, form, and symbol in the Ark and in the ancient Temple conveyed, like the symbols of Freemasonry, moral, social, and religious meanings? No scholar and no architect will doubt it. Certainly no classical individual who is aware of the fact, that all the great Temples in Asia Minor and in Egypt, especially those to which theatres for dramatic shows of the mysteries were attached, were built or superintended by a recognised body of masons as well as freemasons, called the Dionysian brethren. If therefore every sign, symbol, or measurement in the ancient ark and temple, spoke a clear language to the VOL. 11. (1839). NO. 111.

GG

instructed adept or brother, though not to the uninitiated profane-it is obvious, provided our logic be correct, that we must seek in the architectural copy, i. e. the Temple Church in London, for symbols, signs, and measurements expressive of the doctrines, social, moral, or religious, of the Knights Templars, whose masonic lineage has been briefly, though we think undeniably, traced to its masonic origin, in the first Egyptian great lodge. That position we have now to investigate. That truth it is our firm conviction, by an appeal to tangible evidences, open to every one's eye, and palpable to every one's touch, we shall be able to manifest and prove."

We regret that Mr. Clarkson has not rendered more distinct and clear than he has done, for the sake of readers of his Essay who may be but very imperfectly acquainted with architectural antiquities and the symbolic meaning of masonic signs, those apparently incongruous passages in which he at one time speaks to this effect, that the Temple Church in London is the offspring of the Mosaic Ark in the wilderness, tracing it through Solomon's Temple, and at another, that the same Temple Church had its masonic origin in the first Egyptian great lodge. But if the reader will distinguish for himself between the doctrine of every measure, form, and symbol in the Ark and in the ancient Temple having had a strong signification, and the period in the progress of Egyptian art, science, and mystery, when the study of such symbols, measurements, and forms was reduced to order and to the erection of a system of Freemasonry, when the initiated had to be taught according to strict rules, and secrecy maintained by them at all hazards, then, perhaps the matter and point may be reconciled, and the author's meanings apprehended. A writer who is perfectly master of a puzzling subject, and who like the one whose Essay is before us, looks to brevity, condensation, and conciseness, does not always make allowance for less favoured and accomplished persons, when he takes it upon himself to teach and to enlighten. Sure we are that there is matter enough glanced at or authoritatively laid down here to admit of much more expansion and illustration than is afforded by the author, were his work addressed to the popular reader. However, as both the subject and the occasion bear principlly a reference to the learned, the antiquary, and the architect, Mr. C. has probably adopted the wiser course.

The visible and tangible proofs, in regard to the Temple Church having masonic signs, symbols, and measurements traceable to the freemasonry of Egypt, a system which our author sometimes strikingly characterizes by the name of " glometrical philosophy and theology," occupy him through several paragraphs that are crammed with learning. We can only note a few ideas and statements.

The singularity mentioned as being particularly striking on entering the circular part of the Temple Church, is its harmonious significance of design. The columns, their number, their conformation,