medicine that will cure that quickly." She said, "Well, tell me!" He told her: "Go out a short distance from the village and whistle. When you hear an answering whistle, go to where the sound came from, and you will see something sticking out of the ground. Consides super illud et admittes in vaginam tuam, and then you will at once become well." Raven went to the outskirts of the village, and, covering himself with moss, supinus recubuit sua mentula eminente. Illuc venit virgo, ejus consiliis utens, et consedit super mentulam. Cum omnino introiit, corvus virginem subvertit et conscendens coiit cum ea. Nunc decrevit corvus homines coiturum esse, marem cum femina, et liberos et junctione eventurum et a femina parturum esse.1 Raven, however, forgot to tell the people not to be afraid when a woman should become pregnant, and that children would come naturally at the right time without any aid. After he had gone, the woman began to grow stout, for she was pregnant. After nine months, she thought she would burst. The people were afraid, cut her abdomen, and extracted the child. Subsequently the cut healed. Afterwards they did the same with other women. Finally, however, a woman would not allow the people to operate on her. She had been cut once, and she had been sick a long time from the effects; so she said that she would rather die than be cut again. After nine months she gave birth to a child. From that time on, the people did

not cut any more women.2

Raven now ordained that people should die and be born. One generation would die off and be followed by another, and so there would always be people. Had he said people would only be born, and not die, then people would always live, and now there would be very many people on the earth. Had none died and none been born, then there would always have been just the original people in the world.

Raven now divided the people into exogamic phratries. He put half the people on his right side, and half on his left. The former he called Katce'de; and the latter, Taxtlowe'de. He said that the right-hand people, or Ravens, should always marry the left-hand people, or Wolves. It would not be well to marry otherwise. After this the people had the two phratries of Raven and Wolf.

1 See RBAE 31 : 569, No. 41 (Bellabella, Bellacoola, Chilcotin, Comox, Haida, Kwakiutl, Newettee, Nootka, Rivers Inlet).

* See RBAE 31: 609, No. 70 (Chilcotin, Lillooet, Shuswap, Thompson); see also Teit, MAFLS 11: 4 (Thompson).

Katce'de is the name of the Raven phratry among the Tahltan. It is said by some to be derived from the name of a place in the Tlingit country called Kātc, meaning "cedarbark;" and by others, from the Tlingit ka, signifying "man" or "people." Taxtlowe'de is the name of the Wolf phratry of the Tahltan, and is said to be derived from a Tlingit word meaning "back sand" or "sandy place back in the interior." — J. A. TEIT.

(9) RAVEN AND GRIZZLY-BEAR.1 Now Raven came to the house of Grizzly-Bear, who was a strong, fierce man, and fought and ate people. When people saw him, they always ran away. Raven said, "Halloo, brother-in-law! what are you doing?" and Grizzly answered, "I am fishing." Raven said that he would help him; so he staid with him, and helped him catch salmon, dig roots, and so on. Presently he stopped the salmon from coming up the creek, and Grizzly became very hungry. One day Raven heated stones in the fire until they were red-hot, and then pretended to eat them. He took hold of them with two sticks, and passed them down in front of his body so that Grizzly could not see. The Bear thought it very funny that he should eat hot rocks. Raven said, "I am hungry, and these rocks are very sweet." At last the Bear thought he would try them. Raven heated a large stone red-hot, and told Bear to open his mouth. He told him, "You must swallow the stone at once, for, if you hold it in your mouth, it is not sweet. When it goes down your throat, you will taste it very sweet." He then threw the rock down the grizzly's throat and ran away. Grizzly became very angry, and fought and attacked everything he saw. At last he died, the rock having burned his stomach. This is why there are stripes on the inside of the stomachs of grizzly bears. Having overcome and killed the Bear, the latter had now lost his power; so he transformed him to the bear we know as the grizzly at the present day. He said, "Henceforth grizzly bears shall not be so powerful, nor so fierce, nor will they fight and kill people so much."

(10) RAVEN PAINTS THE BIRDS.2- Now Raven called all the birds to a great feast. He painted each one a different way, the hawks, the owls, the eagles, the jays, and all birds, great and small. He painted Robin red on the breast. He painted Bluejay blue, and tied up his hair in a knot on his head. He tied up Ruffed-Grouse's hair in a knot. He painted Bald-Headed Eagle white on the head, neck, and back, and the rest of his body black. And thus he painted all the birds in different ways. He told the birds, "I called you to a feast. Now I will cut up the bear and feast you." Now he changed his mind about feasting them, and instead he worked himself up into a passion and wanted to fight them. They became afraid, and all ran away. So they have kept the colors in which he painted them until the present day. Those who had their hair tied up now have crests on their heads.

(a) RAVEN PAINTS HIS MEN for War. - Raven wanted to go to

1 See RBAE 31: 680; BBAE 59: 288, note 5 (Haida, Newettee, Nootka, Tlingit, Tsimshian; remote analogues in Alsea, Hidatsa, Kutenai).

* See RBAE 31: 664 (Bellacoola, Chippewayan, Comox, Fraser Delta, Haida, Kathlamet, Newettee, Quinault, Tlingit, Tsimshian).

war against Grizzly-Bear, and called all the young men together. All the birds came, and the smaller mammals. He dressed them and painted them for war. He armed them for battle. He painted some black, and put white and blue and yellow stripes and spots on others. He painted the head of the mallard-duck green, and the head of the loon as we see it to-day. He put a large necklace of dentalia on the loon, and smaller necklaces on some of the other birds. He tied up the hair of the bluejay and willow-grouse. He armed some of the birds with spears. These birds have long bills at the present day. The chipmunk he painted with stripes down the back, and he looked very handsome. Loon was to be war-chief, and Raven gave him a big spear to carry. This is why he has a big beak at the present day. Later he was changed, and Robin was made chief. Raven painted him all red in front.

When all were ready, Raven said he would feast them. He cooked a great deal of meat, and then ate it all himself. The birds were angry at this breach of faith, and Robin began to growl at Raven. Then the others began to growl. Raven became angry, and took up a stick and threatened them with it. They all then ran away, and hid in different places. The ducks went to the lakes, the grouse to the woods; some went to the mountains, and some to the rivers. Thus they were scattered. Before this the birds had all been together. Raven said, "It would not be well for all kinds of birds to be in one place. It will be better for people if the birds are scattered. Henceforth the birds shall be scattered throughout the country, and each kind shall live in a different locality." This is why birds are scattered over the country now, some kinds in the mountains, other kinds in the woods, and others in the marshes and on the lakes and streams. This is also the reason why the birds are marked and colored as they are at the present day.

(11) THE TREE EATS THE BEAR.2- When the birds had all left, Raven turned to the trees and the roots of upturned trees, and offered them a present of the bear. He said, "I will feast you with the bearmeat the birds would not eat." The trees and roots became angry, because they knew Raven was fooling them. Then a tree fell across the bear, covering it up, and nearly hitting Raven. Now Raven said, "I have done wrong. I should not have done this. I should not fool people. People must not fool or joke to the trees or rocks, or game, or anything in nature, for these things will seek revenge." This is why Indians are careful not to offend anything. If they make fun of a tree, they may get hurt by a tree; if they mock or fool

1 For the white collar of the loon having been a dentalium-shell necklace, see Chilcotin (JE 2: 35-36), Shuswap (JE 2 : 668); also known to the Carrier, Lillooet, and Thompson. * See RBAE 31 : 675 (b) (Bellabella, Haida, Nass, Tsimshian).

with the water, they may be drowned; if they laugh at the snow, a snow-slide may kill them.

(12) RAVEN KILLS PITCH-MAN.1 Now Raven came to the house of Pitch-Man, who was the only person who knew how to catch halibut. He owned a halibut-hook, which he kept hidden. The people did not know how to make halibut-hooks. Raven said to the man, "I will help you with any work you have to do." He agreed, and Raven did a great deal of work for him. Raven noticed that he always went to a cool shady place when the sun rose or when it was warm weather. He slept in the shade all day, and in the cool of the evening he went fishing. He always returned from fishing before sunrise. One day Raven said to him, "I will help you fish." They went to sea, and Raven steered the canoe. Pitch-Man fished, and always kept his hook in such a position that Raven could not see it. They fished all night. When daylight came, the man wanted to go home; but Raven refused, saying that they had not caught enough halibut. Shortly before sunrise he told Raven that they must go home, and he looked anxiously in the direction where the sun would rise. Raven said, "We will go soon, we will catch just a few more fish." They continued fishing. Presently the man became sleepy, and was hardly able to talk. At last he fell sound asleep. The sun rose, the wind quieted down, and it became very hot. Then Raven saw that the man had melted. Raven went home, took the melted pitch, and threw it to the trees, saying, "Henceforth pitch will be found in the wood of trees." Now he examined Pitch-Man's hook, showed it to the people, and they copied it. After this people had halibuthooks and could catch halibut.

(13) RAVEN AND HIS SISTER.2. After this Raven met a woman who was his sister, et lusit cum ea, quam ob rem sunt hodie Corvi qui cum sororibus suis ludant (viz., girls of the same phratry).

(14) RAVEN TRIES TO MARRY A PRINCESS. Raven continued his journey south along the seashore, and came to a river where the Mink people lived. These people were very wealthy, and their women were very pretty. Raven wanted to marry the daughter of a wealthy man or chief among them. He made very large canoe, and got the birds to man it and act as his servants. He sat down in the middle of the canoe with a large hat on. He wanted the people to believe that he was an important man. He sent one of the birds to ask the wealthy chief for his daughter. He told the bird, "Say

1 See RBAE 31: 683 (Comox, Haida, Kwakiutl, Newettee, Rivers Inlet, Nass, Tlingit, Tsimshian).

See RBAE 31: 576, No. 146 (Haida).

• See RBAE 31: 578, No. 176 (Tlingit; see Swanton, BBAE 39: 108).

that you are my son; and if he asks my name, tell him 'Skin-Bag.' The chief asked the bird what was the name of his father; and he answered, "Skin-Bag." The chief said, "There is no nobleman of that name known to us. Tell your father that my daughter cannot marry a man of low rank." He asked his daughter if she liked her suitor; and she answered, "No."

Raven went away, and in a short time returned again in a larger canoe manned by many birds, who pretended they were his slaves. He also had much property in the canoe which he had made, to be given to the chief as presents for his daughter. Raven tried again; but the chief said, "My daughter can marry a nobleman of rank only. Your master cannot tell his rank, and not even his parentage. I do not want his presents, or canoe, or slaves, because he is of low rank and unknown parentage." The girl also said that she did not like him. Raven was persistent, however, and continued to return and ask for the girl. At last the people became tired of him, and drove him away. Raven did not know who his father was, or how he came into the world, perhaps because he left his home when he was so young.

(15) RAVEN IN THE COUNTRY OF THE TAHLTAN. Now Raven turned back from the Mink people, and travelled north again. Now he showed the people the best places to fish, and made some fishing-places better for fishing. He built a house of timber like those the Tlingit use, and told the people to construct similar houses to live in. Before this they had used shelters and camps of various kinds, and some people had no houses at all. He established villages in the most suitable places for the obtaining of food and for shelter.

He tried to make a good place for the Katce'de people at Kake,1 to be their headquarters. He wanted to make for them a country without much rain, similar to the interior; but he did not succeed. He then said, "I will take these people back to their home in the interior." He told them to go up the Stikine River and wait for him; and when he reached them, he would make for them a good dwelling-place. After a while he came up the Stikine River, and made a house or camp for himself on the south side of the river, just opposite the mouth of Tahltan River. The remains of Raven's house may be seen there now as a cave in the cliff. It was changed into stone. 1.e put up his large robe as a wind-break for his camp-fire, so that the smoke would ascend right; and this wind-break may now be seen in the

1 These people are said to have been Athapascan (Tahltan), who migrated to the coast and settled at Kake. Later most of them migrated back again, and to-day their descendants form a large part of the Tahltan tribe. (Compare Tahltan Indians, pp. 16, 17.)

Swanton, BBAE 39: 118 (Tlingit).