five families and forty men, to the This company had reached this region, Cumberland Gap, when the rear-guard, or its neighborhood, when they were in charge of the cattle, was suddenly attacked by a party of Indians, and fallen upon by a party of Indians. several killed and wounded. The exSix of the whites fell in this attack; pedition, however, persevered in its among them, Boone's youngest son, plans, and on the first of April, 1775, James. This saddening misadventure commenced building a fort on the Kenarrested the movement of the expe- tucky River, to which the name Boonesdition, which now retired to the settle- borough was given. It was a substanments on Clinch River, in Virginia. tial work of hewn logs, with adjacent There Boone was summoned in June, houses protected by stockades, quite 1774, by Governor Dunmore, to tra- defensible against the Indians. Havverse Kentucky, to relieve a surveying ing made this preparation, Boone reparty, which had penetrated the coun- turned for his family, and brought them try from the Ohio. He performed this in safety to the spot. His wife and adventurous duty in a journey of sixty- daughters, he claimed, were the first two days, in which he travelled on foot white women that ever stood on the eight hundred miles. banks of the Kentucky River. Having thus been introduced to the government, his next employment also was of an official character. The Indians northwest of the Ohio, led by the famous Cornstalk, were now showing themselves hostile on the Virginia frontier. A considerable force was sent against them, and a battle was fought at the junction of the Kanawha and the Ohio. Boone was appointed captain, and commanded three contiguous garrisons on the frontier. The war being ended, he returned to his family on Clinch River. The emigrants who had been arrested in transitu on their route, held themselves in readiness for the remainder of the journey. This was expedited by an arrangement made by Boone with a company formed in North Carolina for purposes of settlement, by which he was employed as their negotiator with the Indians, and surveyor of the route which lay between the Holston and the valley of the Kentucky. The Indians did not relish the fort from the beginning. Though they made no onset at once, they were prowling about in the forest, watching their opportunity. In July, 1776, they suc ceeded in capturing a daughter of Boone, about fourteen years of age, who, with two female companions, ventured one afternoon in a canoe on the river. On the opposite shore they were caught by the Indians, who stealthily came out from the shrubbery on the bank, and turned their boat out of sight of the fort. Their shrieks were heard, but there was no other canoe at hand to overtake them. Boone being away, the pursuit could not be organized till his return in the evening. The next morning by daylight the trail was taken and pursued with difficulty, in consequence of the efforts of the savages at conceal ment. Thirty miles or more had been travelled, when they were overtaken at a halting-place, and so suddenly pounced upon that the girls were safely with. He was led back to Chillicothe, recaptured. and adopted by Blackfish, a chief of the Shawnees, in place of a deceased son and warrior. He knew his captors well, fell in with their notions, and bided his time. The land speculators and their followers seem to have become somewhat disheartened by this mode of life, leaving the camp and defence to Boone and his genuine pioneers. Matters were not Initiated into the mysteries of savage mended by the outbreak of the Revo- life, Boone ingratiated himself with the lutionary War, when that species of fraternity by his habits and obedience. savage warfare was put in force by the He was allowed to hunt, but each ball British on the frontier, which roused and charge of powder was to be ac the manly indignation of Chatham counted for in game. He split the balls in the House of Commons. There and saved some of the powder to lay were several forts and stations in Ken- up a stock of ammunition against the tucky, but the force of all of them time when he should be free. He fol was not large. One hundred effective | lowed the Indians in their journeys to men, we are told by Boone, defended the Salt Springs, where he labored for Boonesborough, Harrodsburgh, and Lo- them. One day, finding that they were gan's Fort. preparing for a descent upon Boonesborough, he determined to escape and give warning. He had a hundred and sixty miles to travel, but he accomplished it in five days. He had some jerked venison with him, and shot a turkey on the way. Fortunately, when he reached the Ohio, a canoe was at hand, which carried him across the swollen river to Kentucky. He then soon reached the fort, where he was little expected. He was in fact sup posed to be safe in British keeping in Canada. His wife had given up look. ing for him, and returned to North Carolina. Boone was out with a party engaged in procuring salt at the Lower Blue Licks, on Licking River, in January, 1778, when a considerable body of Indians fell upon him as he was away from the camp, and took him prisoner. He saw at a glance that they were too numerous to resist, and that the best policy for the safety of his unprotected friends at the fort was submission. He was taken, as pleasantly as could be expected under the circumstances at that season of the year, by the savages, to the Indian town of Old Chillicothe, across the Ohio, and in the following March was conducted to Detroit, where he was treated with kindness by the British commander, Hamilton. This officer would have ransomed him from the Indians, and dismissed him on parole, but the barbarians found their captive far too accomplished a woodsman, and too good a fellow to part The warning was now given by Boone, and the fort put in order for the attack, which promised to be a serious one. To effect a diversion, Boone, with a small party, made a foray into the enemy's country, and put a superior number to flight. In September, the foe came, four hundred and forty-four Indians and a few Canadians, headed An incident which now occurred must by Blackfish and Captain Duquesne; have touched the heart of the old the latter for the British interest. The frontiersman to the quick. While regarrison was but sixty or seventy, but turning from the Blue Licks with his Boone determined not to surrender. brother, that companion of so many He began, like a skilful commander, lonely privations and difficulties sucto gain time by a parley, while he got cessfully overcome was killed by in the cattle and water for a siege. Indians lying in ambush, while he The British officers then proposed a himself narrowly escaped their pursuit. treaty, which turned out to be an effort In the organization of the country to entrap the negotiators, the chief men which was now made by Virginia, of the fort. Neither party being armed, which, it will be remembered, at that the Indians grappled with their antago- time exercised jurisdiction over the ternists, but they had men who loved ritory, Major Boone was appointed fight to deal with, and the contest was Lieutenant-Colonel for Lincoln County. resumed from the fort. A little courage The agitation of Indian fighting was in storming might have carried it, but kept up with various alarms. The the besiegers preferred the safer arts history of Kentucky in that period, of firing the roof and mining, in both is the story of deadly encounters and of which they were disappointed. In hair-breadth escapes, of ingenious refine, after nine days of this species of sources in warfare with a cunning and warfare, in which they had lost thirty- unscrupulous foe. One of the Indian seven killed, Duquesne and his Indians acts of aggression was of more than took their departure. The result, of ordinary scope, the attack by Simon course, redounded greatly to the valor Girty and his confederated bands of and skill of the defence and the ex-warriors upon Raddle's Station, just at cellence of the marksmen within the fort. the present Lexington. It was, however, met by craft equal to his own; After this affair was over, Boone and his forces suffered so, that he was visited his family on the Yadkin. obliged to raise the siege. Colonel Looking to the settlement of the Boone, with his brother, Samuel, and country in which he had labored, he son, Israel, were at the head of the mustered some twenty thousand dol- Boonesborough party, which joined the lars in paper money, with which to rest from different parts of the country proceed to Richmond, to take out the in pursuit. They were entrapped in necessary land warrants, of which he an ambuscade, when Boone, fighting was unhappily robbed by the way. It valiantly, bore from the field in the was not fated that Boone should enjoy much fruit of his explorations. Fascinated, however, by the old scene, and undeterred by its toils or perils, he returned to Boonesborough in 1780. retreat the body of his dying son. General Clark, the great military hero of Kentucky, then took the field in an incursion into the Indian country, across the Ohio, and drove the savages before him, burning their towns and desolat- death of his wife, who was taken from ing the region. This was the last great movement of the war. Peace was declared, and Boone rested for awhile in his pacific hunting and farming pursuits. When Kentucky was admitted as a State, in 1792, Boone's old North Carolina pest, the lawyers, from whom he had migrated in his youth, swarmed with the claimants of land titles. His property was assailed; he did his best to defend it by the aid of counsel, but he was stripped, and again turned westward, first resting on a farm in Virginia, at the mouth of the Kanawha. He then made, for those days, a great stretch, to upper Louisiana, where he settled in the country back of St. Louis, in quest of the receding dream of his youth. He had members of his family already there, two sons and a son-in-law. He was received with favor by the Spanish authorities, and appointed commandant of the Femme Osage district. Boone had a valuable grant of land from the Spaniards, the title of which, on the delivery of the country to the United States, as usual in his affairs of the law, was pronounced defective. He had neglected to take the necessary means to perfect it before the Spanish authorities. He appealed to Kentucky to aid his memorial to Congress, which listened to his request, and established his title to a thousand arpents of land in the Missouri district, where he had first settled. His later years were passed with his family, in comparative ease and comfort, though sadly invaded by the him in 1813, having followed his hazardous fortunes through youth, manhood, and age. After this, death and a grave by her side, were habitually in his thoughts. He prepared a coffin for his burial at a spot above the Missouri, and there his remains were interred. His death took place September 26. 1820. Such was the life of Daniel Boone, the strong pioneer of the wilderness, chequered by many vicissitudes and some sad trials, but proceeding ever straight on to its mark. He was like many others whom we are accustomed to associate with a rough frontier mode of life, eminently simple and moderate in his habits and manners. He was quiet and reserved, fond of the solitude of the forest; averse from the arts and intrigues of civilized man. The fresh air, the open sky, the scented woods, his faithful gun, were all that he asked of the world. His delight was in the company of nature, with nothing poetical or peculiarly reflective about him, but in the simple consciousness of strength and manhood. The domestic affections, doubtless, divided with him those emotions. He lived with his family, and often for a long time saw few others. His virtues were allied to his temperance and sobriety. He worshipped truth and honor, and left behind him at his death the ideal of the genuine man of the woods, in love with his employments, an enthu siast, subduing by his manliness all the rough hardships of the scene in which he was placed. CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY. The outlay, whatever it may have been, was not thrown away upon inefficient instructors. We read of the preparatory training of Charles-he was seven years old when he was taken to England-for five years previous to his entering Westminster school, then under the charge of Dr. Markham, afterwards Archbishop of York, and of his proceeding thence to Christ Church, Oxford, where no less a person than Cyril Jackson, the sub-preceptor of that virtuous prince who became George IV., was his private tutor. Or that honorable band of South | secured at any price before the return Carolinians, men of birth and fortune, home of his children, even if a part of who stood forth at the outset of the his estate were to be sold to pay the Revolution, no one brought more ac expense. complishments or a better zeal to the cause than Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. He was of an old family in the province, dating from an ancestor who came from England toward the end of the seventeenth century. A descendant of the latter—the old colonial chief justice, Charles Pinckney, of repute in his day-married his second wife, the daughter of a British officer, and governor of Antigua, and became the father of Charles Cotesworth, who came into the world at Charleston, on the twentyfifth of February, 1746. Thomas, who also afterwards became greatly distinguished in the military and civil history of the country, was his younger brother by several years. The father, whose position gave him the best opportunity to value a good education, was determined that his sons should be in the way of possessing whatever advantage it might afford. He, according to the custom of the wealthy in the country, sent his sons to England for instruction. So thoroughly indeed was the chief justice impressed with the importance of this foreign education, that he left directions in his will that it must be At Oxford, Pinckney had the good fortune, in view of his future profession, of listening to the law lectures of the famous commentator, Blackstone, then employed in the delivery of those famous discourses at the University, which, on their publication, were to create a revolution in the study of the law, smoothing the way to future stu dents, of the thorny path hitherto trod only in the bewildering pages of Coke and the old crabbed fathers. The first volume of the lectures was not published till 1765. Before he was eighteen, Pinckney had taken copious |