tion, headed by Patrick Henry, who Montpelier. He was, however, chosen by the electors of his district a member of the House of Representatives, in which body he continued to serve for eight years. In the interpretation of the powers of the Constitution, and in regard to the policy of several measures of government, he differed from the Administration. He opposed the financial adjustments of Hamilton, and in the course of the French agitations, led the debate in opposition to the British treaty. This period of Congressional life was relieved by the marriage of Madison, in 1794, to a young widow of Philadelphia, Mrs. Todd, better known by her maiden name, Dolly Payne. This lady was a Virginian by birth, of Quaker parentage. The marriage was a most happy one. The vivacity and amiable disposition of Mrs. Madison have left their gentle recollections alike in the retirement of Montpelier, and the gay salons of Washington. Her feminine grace softened the asperities and relieved the burden of political life. After soothing the protracted age of her husband, his feebleness and his languors, she survived many years, to be honored in herself and in his memory. After the close of his Congressional life, Madison retired with his wife to his books and home pursuits at He was soon, however, to be called forth again into the arena by the agitations of the times. The extraordinary measures of Adams, the Alien and Sedition laws, which grew out of the attacks upon government in the French excitement, were violently assailed in Virginia. Mr. Madison drafted the famous resolutions of the Legislature of 1798, condemning these acts of the Administration, and to extend their influence with the public, issued his Report. On the election of Jefferson to the Presidency, in 1801, Madison became Secretary of State, and discharged the duties of the office till he was called to succeed his friend at the head of the government, in 1809. It was a period of embarrassing foreign diplomacy, of vexed international relations, of protracted discussions of the rights of neutrals, of restrictions, and that measure of incipient war, the embargo. The contest with England, was the chief event of Madison's administrations. He was a man of peace, not of the sword, and needed not the terror and indecorum of the flight from Washington, and the burning of the capitol, to impress upon him its unsatisfactory necessities. Public opinion was divided as to the wisdom of the contest. The embarrassments of the question have been covered by a flood of glory, but little perhaps was gained besides the victories, which might not have been secured a little later by diplomacy. The war, however, established one fact, that America would fight, at whatever cost, in defence of her violated rights, and the lesson may have assisted, and may yet be destined . Montpelier, again, in 1817, gave its friendly welcome to the wearied statesman. With the exception of his participation as a member of the Convention, at Richmond, of 1829, in the revision of the Constitution of Virginia, he is said never to have left his district for the remainder of his life, which, solaced by the entertainment of books and natural history, the comforts of domestic life, and the attentions of his countrymen to the aged patriot, was protracted at his mountain residence, to the advanced term of eighty-five years an extraordinary period for a constitution feeble from youth, afflicted with various disorders, and exposed to the pressure of harassing occupation. He died at Montpelier, June 28, 1836, the last survivor of that second noble band of signers, the signers of the Constitution. to assist, other deliberations. At any and others as coldness; but, on further rate, it is to the credit of Madison, acquaintance, these impressions were that he entered upon the apparently completely effaced. His temper seemed inevitable hostilities with reluctance, to be naturally a very sweet one, and to that he maintained the struggle firmly, have been brought under complete conand brought it to an early close. trol. When excited, he seldom showed any stronger indication of anger than a slight flush on the cheek. As a husband, Mr. Madison was without reproach. He never had a child. He was an excellent master, and though he might have relieved himself from debt, and secured an easy income, he could never be induced to sell his slaves, except for their own accommodation, to be with their wives or husbands. The writer has sometimes been struck with the conferences between him and some trusty servant in his sick chamber, the black seeming to identify himself with his master as to plans of management, and giving his opinions as freely, though not offensively, as if conversing with a brother. . . . . With great powers of argument, he had a fine vein of humor; he abounded in anecdote, told his stories very well, and they had the advantage of being such as were never heard before, except perhaps from himself. Such were his conversational powers, that to the last his house was one of the most pleasant to visit, and his society the most delightful that can be imagined. Yet more than half his time he suffered bodily pain, and sometimes very acute pain." An interesting article, contributed by Professor George Tucker, of the University of Virginia, of which, after the death of Jefferson, Madison be came rector, to the "London Penny Encyclopedia," supplies us with a few personal anecdotes of the man. "In person Mr. Madison was below the middle size; though his face was ordinarily homely, when he smiled it was so pleasing as to be almost handsome. His manner with strangers was reserved, which some regarded as pride, WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE. W LLIAM BAINBRIDGE, a distinguished | At eighteen, he was chief mate of a hero of the early and later service of vessel in the Holland trade, and thus the American navy in the war of 1812, early repressed a formidable mutiny belonged to a family of English origin, on board by his courage and energy. which had long been settled in the The next year he was made captain of province of New Jersey. He was the the ship. In the conflict then raging son of a physician of repute, and was between France and England, when born at Princeton, May 7, 1774. His the rights of neutrals were but little father removed about that time to New respected, the mercantile service could York, but the education of the son be carried on only by officers of vigor seems to have been provided for by and capacity. Bainbridge had more his grandfather, Taylor, in his native than one occasion to exhibit his pluck. State. The youth was of a manly, He, a second time, quelled a mutiny energetic temper, one of those healthy at the risk of his life at Bordeaux, and spirits born for action, whose school is gave a severe lesson on his way to the the world, and whose teachers are their West Indies, at the cannon's mouth, to fellow men. It is the most natural a British privateer, which had the thing for such a youth to take to the temerity to attack him. He was sea; it was, perhaps, in those days, a inferior to his foe in men and guns; more natural thing than at present, but the foe was worsted in the enwhen so many other new opportunities counter. Another incident was charac for active life have been opened by teristic of the unsettled relations of modern enterprise with the growth of America in those days with the mother the country. The primary school of country. The ship of Bainbridge, while young Bainbridge, in his introduction on one of his mercantile voyages, was to seamanship, was the river service of boarded by the Indefatigable, English the Delaware, a stream, as Cooper has cruiser, Sir Edward Pellard, comremarked, favorable in common with mander. The British officer, with the the Thames, in consequence of its long lordly spirit of an Agamemnon, claimed and intricate navigation, to the produc- the first mate, on the ground of his tion of practiced seamen. The progress apparently Scottish designation, though of Bainbridge was rapid, but was not the man was born in Philadelphia. in advance of his spirit and constitution. | McKinsey, for such was his name, |