Arizona National Forest, ranger station Arkansas.-One of the southern states of a The latest figures for education indicate Arkansas is predominantly an agricultural In 1919, the live-stock comprised 267.000 The number of manufacturing establish- The crops in 1918 were as follows, the Wheat 254,000 35,100,000 $ 63,180,000 442,000 11,271,000 ... 170,000 7,310,000 Rice Potatoes. Hay Cotton ..2,888,000 9,918,000 a--Tons; b-Bales (500 lb. gross weight.) Arkansas is first among the states in the United States. The principal mineral prod- The Arkansas coals are generally of high Bauxite, from which aluminum is derived, There is also some production of stone, Arkansas (see also Confederate States): Acts of governor should be legalized, Admission of, into Union, constitu- tion adopted, 1444. Boundary of, 795. Constitution of, referred to, 3830. Election disturbances in, and claims Marshal of United States in, advance Military governor of, office of, abol- Public lands in, proclamation regard- Road in, from Little Rock to Canton- Secretary of, appointment of, re- Unlawful assemblages in, ordered to Arkansas Northwestern Railway Co., Arkansas Post (Ark.), Battle of.-Jan. Arlington Cemetery: Appropriation for memorial amphi Memorial amphitheatre at, recom- President Wilson's address at, 7948. The Confederate Section." The Association was formed as a com- The Armageddon.-In the peroration of his on the Limitation of Armament are de- The Conference convened on November 12, The The achievements of the Conference were The The twelve resolutions concerned-With- The principal declarations of policy were The outstanding successes of the Confer- Sharp reduction in naval armaments and The elimination of the Anglo-Japanese the Russian Revolution, this agreement had become thoroughly unpopular, not only in London, but throughout the British Empire; but Great Britain did not dare to abrogate it without a substitute, lest Japan form an alliance with another Power. Under the protection of the treaty, Japan had been well-nigh uncontrolled in enforcing her will upon China, and able to count at least upon tacit British support in case of war between Japan and the United States. End of the dispute, upon terms satisfactory to both Japan and the United States, as to American cable and radio rights on the island of Yap. Withdrawal of some of the most obnoxious of the Twenty-One Demands wrung from China by Japan during the World War. Assistance to China by changes in the Chinese tariff, and other aids to her concerning extra-territorial rights, railway rights, etc. The return of Shantung to China, with certain stipulations by and concessions to Japan. The guaranty to respect the status quo ownership of the islands in the Pacific. Among other things, the Philippines were thereby protected, so that the United States could agree to refrain from establishing a powerful naval base in the Philippines, thus relieving Japanese fears of attack by this country and this country's fear of attack upon the Philippines by Japan. Obligatory conference between the Powers concerned as to disputes in the Far East before those disputes might eventuate in actual war. The outstanding failures of the Conference were as follows: Construction of subsidiary naval craft neither limited not pro rated and their use not effectively controlled. Thus the problem and dangers to neutrals of submarine warfare remained almost as they were, for it was understood that so long as the actual existence of submarines was not forbidden, in the actual event of war they would be used unrestrictedly by any Power standing to gain by such action. In the absence of effective penalties for disregarding the resolutions on the use of submarines, those resolutions were pious rather than practically binding. No limitation upon or ratio for land armaments. The retention of the Mutsu by Japan. This concession involved only slight additional expense to the United States but great additional expense to Great Britain, if the declared naval ratio with Japan was to be retained by those countries. Japan's occupancy and exploitation of Eastern Siberia and Northern Sakhalin, and also Japan's control over Manchuria, not ended. The Japanese promise of withdrawal was vague, and no method was provided for enforcing it. Conditional restoration, only, of Shantung. Only the future will show if Japan will insist that the assigned conditions for the return of Shantung to China have not been met satisfactorily to her. Only slight weakening of Japan's political and economic hold upon China. The principle of that hold remained largely unchallenged, and many of the Twenty-One Demands continued in effect, not subject to international review. Continuation of many of the most obnoxious foreign concessions in China. The administrative integrity of China is only partially restored, as much of the action on this subject resolved itself into the passage of resolutions which are not binding. Of the leased territory in China, France keeps Kwangchouwan, Great Britain keeps Kowloon and Japan retains Port Arthur. on No attempt at solving or systematizing, a consortium basis, the all-important problem of the economic exploitation of China by private foreign agencies. Recent economic history in China and elsewhere has shown that such exploitation of a foreign country's natural resources and labor power usually is accompanied by attempts at political and territorial control. The Governments of the exploiting corporations are generally found to lend Governmental support to them; such corporations of different countries usually come into rivalry: that rivalry hence results in Governmental rivalry which presents an ever-present danger of international hostility and competition which may lead to war. The Conference's result as to the use of aircraft and of poisonous gases in war can hardly be classified as either a success or a failure. On the one hand, it could be claimed that the resolutions on this subject would be disregarded in time of war by nations having aircraft and poison gas in their possession, especially since there was no penalty for disregarding the resolutions. On the other hand, it could be claimed that it was impossible to forbid the manufacture of aircraft, because of their growing commercial use; and that the manufacture of poison gas, whether forbidden or permitted, could be prosecuted without detection. As for the effect of the Conference upon international relations-it developed a remarkably close feeling of friendship and accord between Great Britain and the United States. Japan was released from her position as an ally of Great Britain without becoming isolated. France lost sharply in international good-will, and became viewed with suspicion, if not unfriendliness, in British, American and international public opinion generally. The hostility between China and Japan was not assuaged, and China emerged from the Conference but little strengthened in international standing. With respect to the effect of the Conference on the influence of the League of Nations, there was sharp dispute. There were those who insisted that the Conference had superseded the League and revealed its impotence, whereas supporters of the League insisted that the Conference had settled problems which the League was not constituted to settle and was not attempting to settle, at least for the time being. Armament Limitation Conference, treaties and other documents proceeding from, 9037 et seq. Armaments, Limitation of (See also Ar- Wilson, 8203, 8424. Naval, impossibility of reaching agreement on, 7113. Peace resolution of Congress does not provide for, 8851. Results of, forecast, 6922, 6993. Armed Neutrality.-In 1780 the powers of northern Europe-Russia, Sweden, and Denmark-formed a confederacy against England, then at war with the United States, and proclaimed the doctrine that neutral ships had the right to visit the ports of belligerents, that free ships make free goods, and that blockades to be recog nized must be effectual. These countries assumed a threatening position and armed themselves to repel aggression. By treaty, ratified in 1800, the flags of these nations were to be respected by belligerents. Great Britain rejected the principle, and Nelson and Parker destroyed the Danish fleet at Copenhagen, April 2, 1801. This led to the dissolution of the armed neutrality. For months before the United States finally entered the European War on April 6, 1917, there was much discussion in the United States concerning the advisability of adopting a policy of armed neutrality towards Germany and Austria. As the term was used in those days, it was understood to mean a situation where American merchant ships would be supplied with guns and gunners, in order to protect themselves in case they were attacked by submarines of the Central Powers. When Germany announced that, beginning with February 1, 1917, she would sink on sight all ships found within the blockade zone she had drawn around the British Isles, France and Italy, the term "armed neutrality' was broadened to mean that armed merchantmen might fire at sight upon submarines, without waiting to be attacked, as the hostile intentions of the submarines might be postulated. Despite opposition from a small group of Senators, who prevented passage of the bill authorizing President Wilson to adopt armed neutrality, in the closing days of the Sixty-fourth Congress (Feb. 27-Mar. 5, 1917), the policy was put into effect by the United States Government. It did not prove to be practicable, however, as President Wilson himself admitted in his message to Congress on April 2, 1917, in which he asked for a declaration of the existence of a state of war with the Imperial German Government. Armed Neutrality: Confederacy of, discussed, 2808. Impracticable as defense of American rights against German aggression, 8227, 8228. In Middle States, discussed, 3225. Necessity for and support of, 8222. Policy of, to be put into effect and authority for such action requested, 8209. Statement concerning failure of Congress to pass legislation for, 8217. Armenía. -The classical name of the Hebrew Ararat. Assyrian Urartu, the country which extends from the shores of Lake Van, between the Upper Euphrates and Media, forming the juncture between the high plateau of Iran and the table-land of Asia Minor. It is the original seat of one of the old civilized peoples in the world. According to their records they were erned in ancient times by independent kings, gov but afterwards became tributary to the Assyrians. After the Assyrian period Armenia became a dépendency of Persia and Media. Subsequently it was conquered by Alexander the Great, and later it passed under the nominal supremacy of Tarthia and Rome. Then it was ruled by Peslan,.. Byzantine, and Arabic governors until the dynasty of the Bagratides, which came to an end in 1045. The last vestige of Armenian independence was destroyed by the Mamelukes in 1375. Since then Armenians have been without an Independent state, their country being divided between Persia. Turkey and Russia. The greater part before the World War lay in Turkey, of which one division was known as Armenia and Turkestan, and of which the total population was about 2,500.000. The Armenians in Russia lived chiefly in the Caucasus, where their district contained about 1,200,000 inhabitants. The Armenians in Persia were hardly above 50,000. The Armenians are Aryans and Christians, their church being not only independent, but also the oldest established Christian church. The number of Armenians in Armenia in 1914 was probably in the neighborhood of 2,000,000; but the slaughters to which they were subjected in 1914-1919 at the hands of the Turks reduced their number to less than half that figure. Their persecution was due not only to their Christianity, but also to their commercial ability and sagacity. It is not too much to say that the treatment of the Armenians at the hands of the Turks has seldom been surpassed for frank and unconcealed bestiality in the records of modern subject nations. Indeed, on several occasions some of the great Powers were prepared to disregard international etiquette to the point of bringing pressure to bear upon Turkey to end the Armenian atrocities, but the ambitions of Tsarist Russia would have been served by the overthrow of Turkey, and the other great Powers of Europe were therefore unwilling to exert upon Turkey pressure strong enough to overthrow her. One of the planks in the peace program of the Entente Allies in the World War was the release of the Armenians from Turkish control, and it was evident that the final signing of the last peace treaty of that struggle would see independence or autonomy granted to them. Relief for, urged and discussed, Situation in, discussed, 8909. Armor and Armor Plate: Discussed, 5759, 5882, 5972. Manufacture of, in United States recommended, 5100. Tests of, discussed, 5552, 5635. Armories. (See Arms and Ammunition; Arsenals.) Armies of the World.-The following table presents the numbers in the regular armies and the reserve forces of the great nations of the world. The figures were the latest available at the close of the Washington Conference on Limitation of Armaments, and in the case of the great Powers were practically up-to-date with the close of the Conference. Country France Regular Army Reserves 750,000 3,000,000 250,000 200,000 1,500,000 25,000 25,000 155,000 25,000 20,000 420,000 25,000 375,000 25.000 45,000 16,000 600,000 Great Britain1 162,000 Italy 200,000 Japan 450,000 United States .160,000 4,000,000 1,700,000 130,000 .175,000 500,000 .500,000 800,000 .200,000 125,000 .100,000 200,000 .150,000 250,000 .100,000 .140,000 120,000 Turkey .125,000 23,000 Esthonia 15,000 Finland Latvia 22,000 90,000 Lithuania 40,000 100,000 75,000 85,000 60,000 40,000 30,000 40,000 10,000 100,000 of 53,000 territorial forces, mostly natives. Limits set by peace treaties of World War. Arms and Ammunition.-The use of firearms followed close upon the invention (about 1320) of gunpowder. The use of gunpowder in military operations in England dates from 1346. Gibbon writes of a cannon used at the siege of Adrianople by Mahomet II in 1543. During that year the first English cannon was cast at Ückfield, Sussex. The arquebuse and musket were evolved by successive improvements on the large guns. The Swiss are said to have had 10,000 arquebusiers in 1471. At the battle of Pavia, in 1525, the Spaniards. under Emperor Charles V, with a force of 2,000 arquebusiers and 800 musketeers, defeated Francis I of France, the effectiveness of the firearms turning the tide of battle. The flintlock came into use in 1630. was introduced into England under William III, and was effectively used as late as 1840 in the British army. The Landgrave of Hesse armed his followers with rifles in 1631. The Fergusson breech-loading rifle was in use throughout the entire Revolutionary War, though the flintlock was the principal weapon used. The first practical breech-loading firearm made in the United States was that patented by Hall in 1811. About 10,000 were made for the Government, the inventor superintending their manufacture at the Harpers Ferry Arsenal until his death in 1844. In 1854 Congress made an ap propriation for breech-loading rifles, and experiments in this arm were conducted until the breaking-out of the Civil War, during the progress of which the Government manufactured and purchased at home and abroad over 4,000,000 small arms of between 25 and 30 different patterns. Among these were breech-loading rifles and car bines and a magazine gun-the Henry. In 1866, 1869, and 1872 boards of officers were appointed to report upon a desirable small arm, and their investigations led to the adoption in 1873 of the Springfield rifle, which remained in use for twenty years. The decade between 1880 and 1890 witnessed a further development in small arms in the substitution of magazines for the single breech-loading apparatus, a decrease In the calibre of the ball, and the adoption of smokeless powder. The forms of gunpowder used in military operations in America as well as in foreign countries until within the last few years were essentially the same as those used a century or more ago. Ever since the invention of gun cotton by Schönbein in 1845 scientific attention has been directed. to the manufacture of smokeless powder. The French seem to have been the first to compound a successful smokeless powder for use in small arms. The material used is a form of melinite and belongs to the nitrocellulose or nitro-gun-cotton preparations. The powder Is not absolutely smokeless, but the film of smoke arising from individual rifle firing is not visible from more than 300 yards. In 1892 the United States adopted the Krag-Jörgensen cut-off model magazine rifle. In 1903, the Springfield rifle was adopted. It was of 7.62 mm. or 30 inch calibre, of 2,300 feet per second velocity, of a penetration power at 53 feet of 54.7 in white pine, and of five rounds of ammunition. By 1908. the entire national army and practically all of the national guard had been supplied with the United States magazine rifle, model of 1903, chambered for model of 1906 am With the outbreak of the World War, revolutionizing changes occurred almost |