Encroachments of Hudsons Bay Com- pany upon trade of, 3898.
Fur Seal Service, supervision of Bu- reau of Fisheries over, 7230. Government for-
Act providing for, 4879.
By commission, 7436, 7535, 7722. Discussed by President Benj. Har- rison, 5760.
Municipal governments recommend- ed by President Benj. Harrison, 5483, 5641.
Recommended by President— Arthur, 4651, 4731, 4771. Hayes, 4522, 4573. Taft, 7436, 7535.
Government railroad for, proposed by President-
Roosevelt, 6920, 7019. Taft, 7535, 7721.
Wilson, 7911, 8101. Illustrations of, 2791, 7242. Importation of breech-loading rifles
and fixed ammunition into, for- bidden, 4282.
Instructions regarding, modified, 4711.
Indians of, nature of, discussed by President Roosevelt, 7020.
Lands in-
Discussed, 6799.
Proclamation modifying order re- serving, 612.
Set apart, 5795, 8215.
System of regulations for sale of, 8171.
Legislation recommended for, 3722, 6269, 6400, 6725, 6799, 6919, 7436, 7535, 7722.
Light-house on coast of, point to be selected for, 3902.
Local government for, 7103.
Military arrests in, 4312, 4313, 4314. Military Department of, 3830, 6269. Mineral wealth in, discussed, 6063. Naval radio station in, 8215. Necessity for development of, 7616. Needs of people of, 6920, 6941, 7103. Pictures of, 2791, 7242.
Port of entry in, establishment of, recommended, 5484.
Privileges of hunting, trading, and fishing in, referred to, 3829, 3830. Property rights of natives, 6920, 6921. Public lands of. (See Lands of.) Railroads in. (See Government Rail- road for.)
Referred to, 3818, 3829, 6269, 6352, 6453.
Reorganization needed in govern- ment of, 7052.
Report of governor of, 4975. Report of Lieut. Emmons, 6941.
Resources of-
Discussed, 6918.
Must be used, not wasted or mo- nopolized, 7912. Opened up, 8152.
Roads in, government, 6920.
Seal fisheries within limits of. (See Bering Sea.)
Seal islands in, sale of, recommended, 3990.
Settlement in, importance of, 6793. Survey of coast of, urged, 8019. Territorial Government recommend- ed for, 7911.
Townsite in, withdrawal of, 8005. Transportation problem in, discussed, 7842.
Wealth and needs of, discussed, 6799. Alaskan Engineering Commission.-The chief task of this body is the construction and supervision of the Government railroad in Alaska. It is under the control of the Department of the Interior. Alaskan Engineering Commission, pro-
cedure of, on Alaskan townsites, 8973. Alaskan Railroad Commission Mine, disposition of coal from, 8570. Alaskan Railroad Townsite Regulations amended, 8300, 8973.
Alaska Salmon Commission, mentioned, 6860.
Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. - For the purpose of exploiting the resources and potentialities of the Alaska and Yukon ter- ritories and to demonstrate the progress of the western parts of the United States and Canada, as well as to foster the trade of the countries bordering on the Pacific. an international exposition was held at Seattle, Wash., from June 1, to Oct. 15, 1909. Eleven exhibition palaces were built on the Campus of the University of Wash- ington (a tract of 225 acres). The ex- penses preliminary to opening were $10.- 000,000. The funds were raised by ap- propriations by the federal government, the State of Washington and the City of Seattle. Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, object of, 7052, 7103.
Albania.-An extensive tract of the west- ern littoral of the Balkan Peninsula, from the southern frontier of Montenegro to the northern frontier of Greece. Within these limits are included an area of close on 22,000 square miles, with a population of three to three and a half million persons. Of this area about 12,000 square miles have been absorbed by Servia, Greece and Mon- tenegro, leaving the area of the autono- mous portion at about 10,000 square miles, with a population of about 1,000,000, of whom about two-thirds are Albanians and the re- mainder principally Serbs, Bulgars and Greeks.
History.-Albania was governed by native rulers until the close of the thirteenth cen- tury, when the Kingdom of Albania was formed by the Sicilian House of Anjou. This kingdom was perpetually at war with Servia, and for many years with Venice, until the advance of the Mohammedan
forces extinguished the independence of the kingdom in the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- turies. From 1571 to 1913 Albania was under Turkish rule, forming the vilayets of Scutari and Jannina and the western por- tions of the vilayets of Kossovo and Mon- astir. The Balkan Wars of 1912-13 were nominally caused by the desire of the Allied States (Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro and Greece) to free the Albanians from Turkish misrule, and one of the pretexts of the first war was the inability of Turkey to cope with the Albanian risings.
By the Treaty of London (May 30, 1913). the Ambassadors of the assembled Powers agreed upon the principle of an autonomous Albania, and the throne was accepted by Prince William of Wied. Since the date of the treaty the claims of Servia to ad- ditional Albanian territory led to desultory fighting between Serbo-Albanian forces, and to a threat of interference on the part of other Powers. Servia finally withdrew from the disputed territory in October, 1913, owing to pressure from Austria-Hungary, but the new country is still a prey to in- ternal dissensions.
On March 10, 1917, announcement was made that Albania had been granted autonomy under an Austrian protectorate. Before that date, it had been overrun by Austrian, Bulgarian, Italian and Greek forces during the European War. On April 20, 1917, the French proclaimed the inde- pendence of Albania. Before the Italian retreat in 1917 (see European War), Italy declared the southern portion of Albania autonomous under Italian protection, de- claring that Italy would annex only Valona.
By the end of 1919, the final territorial status of Albania, to be determined by the Peace Conference of Paris, was still in doubt.
Transportation.-Albania is traversed from Scutari (in the north) to Valona (in the southwest) by a railway from Mon- tenegro, and lines from Servia cross the eastern frontier at Pizrend, Dibra, and Struga. The principal ports are Durazzo and Valona.
The capital is Scutari, population 30,000 Albany Convention.-One of the impor tant predecessors of the Continental Con- gress and among the first definite steps taken toward national union. Upon a call Issued by the Lords of Trade, commission- ers from the Colonies of New Hamp- shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- necticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, met at Albany, N. Y., on June 19. 1754, to arrange a treaty with the Six Nations of Indians. Benjamin Frank- lin proposed and the convention adopted a plan for colonial union. It provided for a president-general of all the Colonies, with veto power, and a grand council to be composed of from two to seven delegates from each Colony, chosen by assembly for a term of three years each. This grand council was to be authorized to equip forces for the common defense of the Colonies and to levy taxes for their main tenance and have control of all Indian affairs. The plan was rejected by the Crown because it gave too much power to the Colonies.
those in the combination resided in Albany or operated from that city. The name arose from this circumstance.
Albemarle, The.-A Confederate iron-clad ram built on the Roanoke River, below Weldon, N. C., in 1863. She was destroyed with a torpedo by Lieut. W. B. Cushing on the night of Oct. 27, 1864 (3457). Be- fore her destruction she did much damage to vessels of the United States. In 1867, she was raised, towed to Norfolk, and sold. Albemarle, The:
Destruction of, 3457. Referred to, 6306.
Engagement of, with the Sassacus referred to, 3411.
Alcohol, Denatured, freedom from tax, 7224.
Alcoholic Content of Liquors, limited, 8415.
Aldrich-Vreeland Currency Law. measure passed by Congress May 30, 1908, to render the currency of the United States more elastic by placing it within the power of the national banks to transform all suit- able available assets into money in re- sponse to any financial emergency. The purpose of the law was to prevent panics, and was the direct result of the financial stringency of 1907. The law provided that the Comptroller of the Currency, who has governmental supervision over the na- tional banks, shall cause to be printed and kept on hand at all times a special issue of currency amounting to 50 per cent. of the combined capital stock of all the national banks. To secure a portion of this emer gency bank note issue a bank must be a member of a currency association formed by at least ten banks having a combined capital of not less than $5,000,000. State, county or municipal bonds, commercial pa- per or other valuable and readily convert- ible assets may be used as security, pro- vided it first secures the approval of the association and the government. If the securities are acceptable the currency is immediately forwarded to the bank. It was superseded by the Glass-Owen currency law of 1913 (q. v.).
Aleutian Islands.-A chain of about 150 islands extending from the western ex- tremity of Alaska near the continent of Asia. The area is about 6,000 square miles. The inhabitants, a half-civilized and declining race, about 2,000 in num- ber, are variously regarded as of Asiatic Their trade is chiefly or American origin. in fish and furs. The islands belong to the United States by reason of the acquisition of Alaska. They were discovered by the Russians about the middle of the eight- eenth century.
Alert, The, convention, between Nica-
ragua and Costa Rica signed on, 6325. (See also Greely, A. W.) Alexander Archipelago Forest Reserve, proclaimed, 6697.
Act incorporating church in, vetoed, 474.
Blockade of port of, removed by proclamation, 3371.
British retreat from, 582. Property in, destroyed by British forces, 530, 532.
Alexandria County, D. C.: Court-house in, unsafe and new one recommended, 1621. Jail erected in, 930.
Retrocession of, to Virginia by proc- lamation, 2320.
Alfalfa.-A leguminous fodder plant, na- tive to the valleys of Central Asia. It has been cultivated in Europe for more than 2,000 years, and was introduced into Mexico and South America at the time of the Spanish conquest. In 1854 it brought from Chile to California, whence it spread rapidly over the Pacific and Rocky Mountain states, where it is now more extensively grown forage crop. than any other The word alfalfa is derived from the Arabian and comes to us through the Spanish language. It is interpreted to mean "the best feed." It is also known as lucerne. The plant is branching perennial, one to three feet high, upright with triple parted leaves and irregular pur- ple flowers, which grow in loose clusters like pea flowers. On loose, permeable soils the roots frequently descend to ten twelve feet. It grows best on rich, sandy, well-drained loams of a calcareous nature, and does not succeed on damp soil or tena- cious clay. Two years are required thor- oughly to establish a field, but when once established the plant endures many years. The crop is cut when the plants are com- ing into bloom, and again from two to six times, according to the length of the sea. son. The ordinary annual yield from three to eight tons of dry hay per varies acre. Green or cured hay is relished by all farm animals, and is used both for fattening and milk production.
Statistics of production gathered by the Census Bureau show that in 1909 there were 4,702,202 acres devoted to alfalfa in the United States, from which 11,849,998 tons of hay was cut and 259,586 bushels of seed gathered.
On Sept. 15, 1916, the average value of alfalfa was $17.59 ton, as compared with $10.25 ton the year previously. The esti mated product in 1916 was 23,000,000 short tons. In 1917 more than 6.000,000 acres were devoted to raising alfalfa in the United States, and the product was esti- mated at 16,599,000 tons. The average farm value of alfalfa at the beginning of the year 1919 was $21.00 a ton.
It is believed that more than 5 per cent of the farms of the United States grow al- falfa. It is grown also in South America and Europe.
Algeciras Convention.-At a conference of the Powers at Algeciras, Spain, Jan. 16 to April 7, 1906, France and Spain were commissioned to maintain order on the Mo- roccan coast. The town lies on the west side of the Bay of Gibraltar, seven miles from Europa Point. The convention was called in response to many complaints by Europeans and Americans that treaty rights were not respected by the Moors, and that life and property of foreigners were unsafe in Morocco. It was participated in by Unit- ed States, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bel- gium, Spain, France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia and Sweden. The treaty was published Jan. 22, 1907. (See Treaties.) Before the end of the year French troops were landed at Ujda and Casablanca. Jan. 11, 1908, the rellg- ous authorities of Morocco deposed Abdel Aziz and proclaimed his brother Mulai Hafid Sultan. His embassy to Berlin was refused recognition without consent of the Powers. (See Morocco.)
Algeciras Convention, ratification urged, 7062.
Algeria.-A French possession on the north coast of Africa, 222,000 sq. miles in area and containing a population of about 5,600,000. This includes the acqui- sition since 1901 of some 250,000 square miles of territory on the south. The chief native people are Berbers and Arabs. capital and principal city is Algiers. comprises the ancient country of Numidia and a portion of Mauritania. centuries it harbored a band of corsairs, For many who haunted the coasts of the Mediterra- nean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean as far as the North Sea, preying upon the com- merce of all nations which refused to pay them tribute. To pay this tribute deemed wiser by many European powers than to wage war against them. Follow- ing the examples of other nations, the United States signed a treaty in 1795, agreeing to pay the Dey $1,000,000 for the ransom of American captives and promis ing an annual tribute (see pages 115, 174).
Algeria made war against the United States in 1815. Commodore Decatur, with ten vessels, sailed against the Dey and met with such success that he was enabled to exact indemnity from the Dey himself, and also a treaty renouncing all claim to trib- ute, presents, or ransoms, and a promise not to reduce prisoners of war to slavery (see page 547). France has since reduced Algeria to the dominion of her Govern- ment, organizing it as a colonial possession In 1834, of which it is now the most im- portant. The chief resource of the coun- try is agriculture. Since 1870 there have been a number of extended revolts; and in recent years the country has suffered from serious anti-Jewish agitations. Africa.) (See also
In 1920, there were about 750,000 Euro- peans included in the population. The na- tives subsist largely by agriculture, although the land is poor and unfertile. The three principal crops are wheat, barley and oats. There is extensive wine production, and phosphates, coal and lignite are present.
There are about 2,300 miles of railroads. of which about two-thirds are state-owned and state-operated.
Consuls of United States in, 169, 380, 506.
Banished, 503.
Change in pay of, 1318.
Powers of, should be increased, 238. Salary of, should be increased, 238. Unjustifiable proceedings toward, by Dey of, 441.
Declaration of war against, recom- mended, 539.
Hostile attitude of toward United States, 42, 539, 560.
Imprisonment of American citizens in, 80, 90, 115, 140, 169, 192, 197, 199, 539.
Referred to, 144, 145, 202. Treaty of peace with, 554, 679. Treaty with, transmitted and dis- cussed, 115, 174, 178, 184, 185, 192, 197, 237, 554, 679.
Annulled by Algeria, with alterna
tive of war or renewal of former treaty, 560.
Tribute to, payment of, 115, 174, 326. Vessels sold to, 237.
War with United States. (See Alger- ine War.)
Algerine War.-The countries on the Mediterranean coast of Africa, from Egypt to The Atlantic, namely, Morocco, Algeria, Tents and Tripoli (which are known collectively as the Barbary Powers) had been In the habit of preying on the commerce of nations that refused to pay a tribute to them. Shortly after the Revolution the operations of these pirates were directed against our commerce, to protect which treaties purchasing immunity by the payment of yearly tribute with the Barbary States-in were negotiated 1786-1787 with Morocco, in 1795 with Algiers, in 1796 with Tripoli, and in 1799 with Tunis. In 1812 Algiers declared war against the United States. As soon as the war then commencing against England had been brought to an end, our government turned its attention to Algiers. The Algerian war was short and decisive. In the spring uf 1815 Commodore Decatur was sent with nine or ten vessels to chastise the pirates. In June he captured the largest of their frigates, and soon after took another vessel. He then dictated a treaty to the Dey of Algiers, which was signed June 30, 1815, relinquishing all claims to tribute in the
Algerine War (see also Algeria):
Declaration of war by Congress rec- ommended, 539.
Dey of Algiers begins war against United States, 428.
Information of amicable settlement, 428.
Termination of, 547.
Threatened by Algiers, 560.
Treaty of peace concluded, 554, 679. Alien and Sedition Laws.-Two important acts of Congress passed by the Federalists in 1798. Their importance consists not So much in their essential character and the fact that they largely caused the downfall of the Federalist party as in their position in American history as a landmark beyond which it is unsafe for the law-making power to go. During the French Revolution American feeling was high and bitter. Many public speakers and writers openly advorated intervention by the United States in favor of the one side or the other, deDouneed the neutral attitude of the Government as cowardly and ungrateful, and heaped invectives upon the Administration. The fact that many of the newspapers in which the Government was so bitterly assailed were in the hands of foreigners, had much to do with the passage of the alien act. This law authorized the President to order out of this country all such allens as he might judge to be dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States or engaged in plotting against them. The sedition act provided heavy fines and imprisonment for any person who should conspire to oppose the United States Government or laws, or who should print or publish any false, scandalous or malicious writings against the Government, Congress, or the President intended to bring disrepute or hatred upon them or to stir up
sedition. These laws were regarded by the Republican party of that day as unconstitutional and were denounced by the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions as subversive of the liberty of speech and the press. They expired in 1800 and 1801 respectively. (See also Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.)
Alien Contract Law, amendment of, recommended, 6348, 6455. Alien Enemies.-Under section 4067 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, an enemy alien is defined as follows: Any native, citizen, denizen, or subject of a hostile government being a male of the age of fourteen years and upwards and not actually naturalized in the United States. Amplifications of the definition are as
(a) Children of naturalized enemies, even though born in the enemy country, are not enemy aliens providing naturalization of their parents is completed before the children have reached maturity. Otherwise. such children are enemy aliens until they are naturalized themselves.
(b) Children born in the United States of enemy aliens residing in the United States are not alien enemies unless after maturity they become naturalized in the enemy country.
(c) Naturalization of enemy aliens cannot be completed during the period of war with the enemy country.
(d) Children born in an enemy country of American citizens temporarily residing in that enemy country are not alien enemies. However, if the residence of the parents in the enemy country is permanent, the children are alien enemies unless they have established by suitable action citizenship in the United States.
(e) A native, citizen, denizen or subject of an enemy country remains an alien enemy even though he has taken out his first naturalization papers or has been naturalized in a country other than the United States.
Various regulations for and discussion of enemy aliens by the Presidents are noted below.
During the first year of the war between the United States and the Central Powers, 2,040 alien enemies and war prisoners were confined in war prison barracks at Fort McPherson, Ga., Fort Oglethorpe, Ga., Fort Douglas, Utah.
During the struggle of the United States with the Central Powers, Attorney-General Gregory estimated the number of unnaturalized male alien enemies upward of 14 years of age as follows: Germans, 450,000; Austrians, 600,000; Hungarians, 400,000. Estimating 3 to a family, there were accordingly more than 4,000,000 persons in the United States during the war who were either male unnaturalized alien enemies or members of the families of such.
By act of Congress approved April 16, 1918, the term "alien enemies" was made to include women as well as men.
In February, 1918, all male alien enemies were required to register with the government and in June of the same year, female alien enemies.
By July 1, 1918, about 5,000 Germans had been interned in the United States, distributed chiefly as follows: At Fort McPherson, Ga., 1,310, mostly seamen on German ships seized; at Fort Oglethorpe, Ga., 839; at Fort Douglas, Utah, 432; and between 2,000 and 2,500 prisoners taken from German merchantmen at Hot Springs, N. C.
Of this number, 500 had been sent to Army camps to aid in agricultural production. Alien Enemies. (See Aliens in United States.)
Alien Laborers discussed, 6065. Alien Land Law of California, 7873. Changes in wording of, to avoid of sense, 7876.
Protest against, 7875.
Alien Land Laws, Federal and State, discussed by Governor Johnson of California, 7874.
Alien Property Custodian.-The Powers of the Alien Property Custodian during the war of the United States against the Central Powers are set forth in the execu tive orders of President Wilson on p. 8372, 8380, 8543. The word "enemy" for the purposes of the work of the Alien Property Custodian covered all persons within the military or naval lines of the Central Powers, and all persons residing outside the United States transacting business with any one within such military or naval lines. German citizen in the United States (unless interested) was not an enemy under the Trading-with-the-Enemy Act, whereas an American citizen in Germany might be so considered.
All who held enemy property or any interest therein, by knowledge or by suspicion, had to report on the same through blanks furnished by the Alien Property Custodian, under penalty of not more than ten years' imprisonment or a fine of $10,000 or both.
The purpose of the work of the Alien Property Custodian was to make available for war financing any funds in the United States belonging to enemies, to prevent such funds being used so as to give aid and comfort to the enemy, and to safeguard property of enemies for such disposition after the war as Congress might make.
For all property which came into his hands, the Custodian acted as a common law trustee, depositing all money with the Treasurer of the United States, to be invested in United States bonds or certificates of indebtedness. In the discretion of the Custodian, enemy property could be used or supervised, without confiscation. In certain cases licenses were issued to permit the property of enemies to be carried on, especially to enemy insurance companies.
On May 1, 1918, the Alien Property Custodian's trust accounts comprised $282,067,927, of which $115.824.409 represented stocks; $46.016.434, bonds: $51,325,434, accounts receivable: $27,965,975, cash; $6,522,279, mortgages; $4.267,618. notes receivable; $4,503,142, real estate; and $25,612,633, miscellaneous.
By the end of the hostilities against the Central Powers, the accounts in the hands of the Alien Property Custodian had risen to some $800,000,000.
Alien Property Custodian:
Administration of certain portions of Trading with the Enemy Act vested in, 8462. Office of, created and explained, 8372, 8380.
Powers and authority of, 8543. Reports of enemy ownership of property to be filed with, 8523.
Listing of, for International Red Cross, 8243.
Naturalization re-opened to, under certain conditions, 8634. Registration of, 8394.
Regulations for conduct of, 8243, 8392, 8407..
Women included in, 8491. Intrigues of, denounced, 8154. Jurisdiction over, should belong only
to Federal government, 7373, 7504. Liability of, to perform military duty— Discussed, 3381.
Proclaimed, 3369. Loyalty and disloyalty of, discussed, 8066, 8080, 8086, 8114, 8154. Number of, employed in Executive Departments, report on, transmitted, 6102.
Offenses against treaty rights of, should be cognizable in Federal courts, 5618.
Property of, to be taken over during war, 8372, 8380.
Rights of under treaties, enforcement of, 7055.
Allatoona (Ga.), Battle of. In the hope of drawing Gen. Sherman's army out of Georgia, the Confederates, 36,000 strong, under Gen. Hood, threatened his railroad communications with Nashville. Oct. 5, 1864, a division of Hood's infantry appeared before Allatoona Pass, where were stored about 1,500,000 rations. The post was held by Col. Tourtelotte, who was re-enforced by Gen. Corse, thus increasing the Union force to 1,944 men. The attack was made on the 6th. The conflict lasted from 8:30 A. M. until night, when the Confed. erates withdrew, leaving 231 dead and 411 prisoners. Corse lost 707 men and was himself wounded. Hood crossed the Coosa Oct. 10, and Sherman's army followed him to Gaylesville by way of Rome, and then returned to Atlanta.
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