and members of the bench, settlement workers and prominent club women enables us at critical times to help create pub

lic sentiment, to help stem the tide of opinion that is going the wrong way. We are a small body, we do not pretend that we do much, but this is a thing that we try to do.

I listened with a little sorrow to Mr. Crothers' story of the "overcoming of gravitation." I confess that as a reformer I should like to travel around the world in twenty-four hours while standing still. Of course we cannot do that, but I am more and more impressed with the need of getting helpers in our work outside the ranks of the professional reformers. That was brought home to me very forcibly when Elizabeth Robins brought out her play in London called "Votes for Women," a play about which James O'Donnell Bennett wrote a long letter in the Chicago Herald. Suddenly the woman. question was taken out of the hands of the reformers, the agitators, and brought into the region of art, of dramatic presentation. That was a great help. It gave the movement an immense stimulus. No doubt the strength of the suffragist movement in London to-day is greatly due to the presentation of that play. So I think I long, more than for anything else, for the artists, the illustrators, the cartoonists, the essayists, the poets, and the dramatists, to take up all the questions of social reform.

Of course in this company I can say it, and I mean it I think reformers are the best people in the world, and not only the best but the most interesting people; but people outside do not think we are interesting. They admit we are good, but they do not come to hear us talk, they are not here to-day. We are all of one kind, we are didactic, we are ethical, we are everything but interesting. Now, if we can get these reforms handled by the people who make things interesting, it will make a great difference. If the Chairman of this meeting were to give an address on Peace, all the peace-loving people, Mr. and Mrs. Mead and all the rest, would go to hear him and would laud him generously, and he would get more or less of a hearing from the public. But if he should write an essay on "The Bayonet-Poker" he would reach an audi

ence he could not reach with his address on Peace. If John McCutcheon, not every morning but once in a while, would give us a cartoon on the race-question, to show not how wicked we are, but how ridiculous and absurd we are with our little race vanities, race follies, and race inconsistencies, what a help that would be! What a field is here for the cartoonist and the satirist, for the dramatist and the artist! That is the way in which I would like to go up in a balloon, as it were, and let others carry on the work.

I thank you very much for the privilege of speaking to you again. If I have said anything to show that the cause of peace, like charity, begins at home; that these people whom we call the colored people, of so many shades of complexion, are our people, that they are American, not only in birth but in their ideals and aspirations; and that it is a part of our patriotic duty and a part of our religious duty to see that all the best we want for ourselves shall be theirs also if I have been able to set your minds working a little in this direction, I am glad. [Applause.]

DR. CROTHERS.

The brotherhood of peoples has two distinct sides. On the one hand we have that side which is so distressing to every lover of justice, where there is, on the part of the more favored race, a practical denial of brotherhood to the race that has been less favored. But on the other hand there is difficulty with those who admit equality. You get strong nations and strong men, and each nation is thinking of its own and intent on its own scheme of aggrandizement and its own interests. Then you have that nation confronted by other nations equally intent on their own interests, and then comes a contest for the mastery. It is not the result of disdain or contempt in this case, but of the great concentration upon a particular aim. You have the same problem

that comes whenever two strong men are in a community, each intent on his own purpose. I suppose that the lovers of peace to-day are not usually unaware of this fact of the strong men who are at work. That is the situation which Jesus brought out: "When the strong man keepeth his house, his goods are in peace, till a stronger than he shall come, who shall spoil his house."

Now, how shall we find a way by which the strong men of the world, or the strong nations of the world, shall recognize some other kind of force than mere physical force? I should like to read a paragraph showing the way in which, when this good town of Boston was only three or four years old, two strong men contended together for the government. One was Governor Winthrop, and the other was the deputy, Thomas Dudley. They were both strong, self-determined men, and the Commonwealth was so small it was a question if it could hold them both. They had a real point, a real grievance. Governor Winthrop had gone out to Cambridge — Newtowne then- and built a house, which was all right, but soon he changed his mind and moved back to Boston. Anybody who could live in Cambridge and preferred Boston was a social problem. [Laughter.] So the Deputy Dudley had a grievance against the Governor and brought it before the General Court; and Governor Winthrop tells the way that two strong, sensible, religious men in those days faced their grievances without coming to blows. Winthrop says:

"The deputy began to be in a passion and told the Governor that if he was so round with him he would be round, too. The Governor then bade him be as round, too."

There you have the beginning of a quarrel.

ness.

"So the deputy rose up in a great fury and passion, and the Governor grew very hot also, so they both fell into bitterBut by the mediation of the mediators they were soon pacified. The deputy then proceeded to particulars, so the meeting breaking up without any conclusion but the commending of the success of it with prayer to the Lord, the Governor brought the deputy with him on his way, and every man then went to his own house." [Laughter.]

not that the strong

That is what we are working for, men of the world should not have determined aims, but that when they come to the time when there is the heat of passion, that there be some way through which, by "the mediation of the mediators," they shall be pacified. We are getting nearer this than we were before. One of the mediating ways in this country, and where America is in a certain way a Peace Conference, is through the great universities, bringing together here, in an atmosphere of freedom, the best minds of the world and offering to them equal advantages. One of the most interesting developments in the last two years has been the establishment in all our great universities of Cosmopolitan clubs, wherein men of the great nations of the world come together, and the university itself with its atmosphere of justice forms a great Peace Convention of the nations. I am very happy to introduce Mr. von Kaltenborn, President of the Cosmopolitan Club of Harvard, who will now speak to you. [Applause.]

REMARKS OF MR. HANS VON KALTENBORN.

Mr. Chairman, and Ladies and Gentlemen:

A moment ago, when a previous speaker said that we are all of one kind, all working for peace, and all persons of peace, I felt a flush come over my face, because it happens that for twelve generations back my family has been a fighting family. A few years ago my uncle was the German minister of war, another uncle is now a general in the German army, and I have seven cousins, all officers in the German army, who are only spoiling for a chance to fight. I myself tried it a few years ago, in the Spanish war, but those in command did not send us where the fighting was going on. So I was very glad when Dr. Crothers emphasized the fact that it is to be the strong men, the fighting men, intellectually, who are to bring about peace.

The cosmopolitanism of our great university across the

river was never brought home to me more forcibly than yesterday afternoon, on the occasion of what has now become the annual examination for the "degree with distinction." That is rather a peculiar function, and, for one who goes through it for the first and only time, a most interesting one. In the large Faculty Room of the University, hung with portraits of Harvard leaders of the past, a very impressive room that speaks its age, are gathered perhaps a score of the professors of the particular division under which the men who are taking their examinations that day are studying. In to these professors come fifty or sixty students, candidates for this new "degree with distinction." To secure this degree the candidate must pass an oral examination. Instead of sitting down and writing for three hours, telling all you know about the subject, you have a little tête-a-tête with your professor for fifteen minutes, and in that fifteen minutes try to tell him all you know. At the end of the fifteen minutes the bell rings, you arise, and proceed to the next professor, and thus on, throughout the afternoon; so that it is very like progressive euchre.

It came to me yesterday afternoon how strange it was, and how interesting, and what a sign of the progress of the times, that there we were, members of a dozen different nations, gathered together in that room, talking about the history of the world from the time of Adam down to the present day. I suppose there was no subject of any importance in the world's history that was not discussed there yesterday afternoon. Government, institutions, men, religions, history of all kinds and of all places, were discussed in friendly conference among ourselves.

Another expression of the same idea is found in our Cosmopolitan Club, organized a year ago, which has since tripled its membership and is looking forward to another prosperous year. It is one of those steps that Dr. Crothers mentioned. Universal peace, if it is to come, must be achieved step by step. The Free Religious Association is a step; this worldpetition which I see lying on the table before me is another step, and perhaps our little Cosmopolitan Club and the