The Grammar of Science

Přední strana obálky
Adam and Charles Black, 1900 - Počet stran: 548

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Obsah

The Futility of Thingsinthemselves
16
The Term Knowledge meaningless if applied to Unthinkable
17
The Ignorance of Science
19
The Wide Domain of Science
24
The Second Claim of Science
25
The Third Claim of Science
29
Science and the Imagination
30
The Method of Science Illustrated
32
Science and the Esthetic Judgment
34
The Fourth Claim of Science
36
Summary and Literature
37
CHAPTER II
39
SenseImpressions and Consciousness
42
The Brain as a Central Telephone Exchange
44
The Nature of Thought
46
OtherConsciousness as an Eject
48
Attitude of Science towards Ejects
51
The Scientific Validity of a Conception
53
The Scientific Validity of an Inference
55
The Limits to OtherConsciousness
57
The Canons of Legitimate Inference
59
Summary and Literature PAGE 60
63
135
74
THE SCIENTIFIC LAW 1 Résumé and Foreword
77
Of the Word Law and its Meanings
79
Natural Law relative to
82
Man as the Maker of Natural Law 79 82
85
The Two Senses of the Words Natural Law
87
Confusion between the Two Senses of Natural
88
The Reason behind Nature
90
True Relation of Civil and Natural Law 87 88 90
93
Physical and Metaphysical Supersensuousness
95
Progress in the Formulating of Natural
96
The Universality of Scientific
100
The Routine of Perceptions possibly a Product of the Perceptive Faculty
104
The Mind as a SortingMachine
106
Science Natural Theology and Metaphysics
107
Conclusions Summary and Literature
109
CHAPTER IV
113
Mechanism
114
Force as a Cause
116
Will as a Cause
118
Secondary Causes involve no Enforcement
120
Will as a Secondary Cause
123
First Causes have no Existence for Science
127
Cause and Effect as the Routine of Experience
129
Width of the Term Cause
131
SEC PAGE 11 Necessity belongs to the World of Conceptions not to that of Perceptions
134
Routine in Perception is a necessary Condition of Knowledge
136
Probable and Piovable
139
Probability as to Breaches in the Routine of Perceptions
142
The Bases of Laplaces Theory lie in an Experience of Ignorance
143
Nature of Laplaces Investigation
147
The Permanency of Routine for the Future
148
Summary and Literature
150
CHAPTER V
152
The Infinite Bigness of Space
157
Summary and Literature PAGE
158
The Infinite Divisibility of Space
159
The Space of Memory and Thought 102
162
Conceptions and Perceptions
164
Sameness and Continuity
167
Conceptual Space Geometrical Boundaries
170
Surfaces as Boundaries
172
Conceptual Discontinuity of Bodies The Atom
174
Conceptual Continuity Ether
178
On the General Nature of Scientific Conceptions
179
Time as a Mode of Perception
181
Conceptual Time and its Measurement
186
Concluding Remarks on Space and Time
190
Summary and Literature
191
CHAPTER VI
193
Conceptual Analysis of a Case of Perceptual Motion PointMotion
195
Rigid Bodies as Geometrical Ideals
198
On Change of Aspect or Rotation
200
The Three Problems
242
How the Physicists define Matter
244
Does Matter occupy Space?
248
The Commonsense View of Matter as Impenetrable and Hard
252
Individuality does not denote Sameness in Substratum
254
Hardness not characteristic of Matter
258
Matter as nonMatter in Motion
259
The Ether as Perfect Fluid and Perfect Jelly
262
The VortexRing Atom and the EtherSquirt Atom
265
A Material Loophole into the Supersensuous
267
The Difficulties of a Perceptual Ether
270
Why do Bodies move? Summary and Literature CHAPTER VIII
272
THE LAWS OF MOTION
276
Corpuscles and their Structure
278
The Limits to Mechanism
282
The First Law of Motion
284
The Second Law of Motion or the Principle of Inertia
286
The Third Law of Motion Mutual Acceleration is determined by Relative Position
290
Velocity as an Epitome of Past History Mechanism and Material ism Laplaces Ideal Goal
295
The Fourth Law of Motion
299
The Scientific Conception of Mass
302
The Fifth Law of Motion The Definition of Force
303
Equality of Masses tested by Weighing
306
How far does the Mechanism of the Fourth and Fifth Laws of Motion extend?
310
Density as the Basis of the Kinetic Scale
312
The Influence of Aspect on the Corpuscular Dance
316
The Hypothesis of Modified Action and the Synthesis of Motion
317
Criticism of the Newtonian Laws of Motion
321
Summary and Literature
326
CHAPTER IX
328
Mechanism and Life
331
Mechanism and Metaphysics in Theories of Heredity
334
The Definition of Living and Lifeless
338
Do the Laws of Motion apply to Life?
341
Life Defined by Secondary Characteristics
344
The Origin of Life
346
The Perpetuity of Life or Biogenesis
347
The Spontaneous Generation of Life or Abiogenesis
349
The Origin of Life in an ultrascientific Cause
352
On the Relation of the Conceptual Description to the lhenomenal World
354
Natural Selection in the Inorganic World
356
Natural Selection and the History of Man
358
Primitive History describable in terms of the Principles of Evolution
361
Morality and Natural Selection
363
Individualism Socialism and Humanism
366
Summary and Literature
370
CHAPTER X
372
Evolution
374
Bathmic Evolution
375
The Factors of Evolution
377
Individual and Racial
381
Continuous and Abnormal
384
Correlation
392
The Organism and its Growth
402
Selection Discovery of the Fittest
405
120
408
The Unsolved Problems
412
Summary and Literature
418
CHAPTER XI
421
SEC PAGE
425
On Biparental Inheritance
468
On the Law of Ancestral Heredity
475
On the Power of Selection to permanently modify Types by
481
On the Inheritance of the Duration of Life Proportions of
496
CHAPTER XII
504
Spencers Classification
510
Concrete Science Inorganic Phenomena
519
Applied Mathematics and BioPhysics as Cross Links
527
APPENDIX
533
INDEX
541
127
542
128
544
131
545
The Universe of SenseImpressions as a Universe of Motions 132
548

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Strana 322 - To every action there is always an equal and contrary reaction ; or the mutual actions of any two bodies are always equal and oppositely directed.
Strana 320 - Every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line, except in so far as it may be compelled by impressed forces to change that state.
Strana 32 - The world little knows how many of the thoughts and theories which have passed through the mind of a scientific investigator have been crushed in silence and secrecy by his own severe criticism and adverse examination ; that in the most successful instances not a tenth of the suggestions, the hopes, the wishes, the preliminary conclusions have been realized.
Strana 33 - ... it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here then I had at last got a theory by which to work...
Strana 278 - Thus molecular science sets us face to face with physiological theories. It forbids the physiologist from imagining that structural details of infinitely small dimensions can furnish an explanation of the infinite variety which exists in the properties and functions of the most minute organisms.
Strana 248 - So, naturalists observe, a flea Has smaller fleas that on him prey; And- these have smaller still to bite 'em, And so proceed ad infinitum.
Strana 12 - The man who classifies facts of any kind whatever, who sees their mutual relation and describes their sequences, is applying the scientific method and is a man of science. The facts may belong to the past history of mankind, to the social statistics of our great cities, to the atmosphere of the most distant stars, to the digestive organs of a worm, or to the life of a scarcely visible bacillus.
Strana 454 - In the tenth generation a man has [theoretically] 1024 tenth great-grandparents. He is eventually the product of a population of this size, and their mean can hardly differ from that of the general population. It is the heavy weight of this mediocre ancestry which causes the son of an exceptional father to regress towards the general population mean ; it is the balance of this sturdy commonplaceness which enables the son of a degenerate father to escape the whole burden of the parental ill.
Strana 86 - Law in the scientific sense is thus essentially a product of the human mind and has no meaning apart from man.
Strana 296 - We ought then to regard the present state of the universe as the effect of its anterior state and as the cause of the one which is to follow. Given for one instant an intelligence which could comprehend all the forces by which nature is animated and the respective situation of the beings who compose it — an intelligence sufficiently vast to submit these data to analysis...

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