HORATII EPODON LIB. ODE II. To be translated into LATIN PROSE. THE best way to represent to life the manifold use of friendship, is to cast and see how many things there are which a man cannot do himself; and then it will appear that it was a sparing speech of the ancients, to say, "that a friend is another himself;" for that a friend is far more than himself. Men have their time, and die many times in desire of some things which they principally take to heart; the bestowing of a child, the finishing of a work, or the like. If a man have a true friend, he may rest almost secure that the care of those things will continue after him; so that a man hath, as it were, two lives in his desires. A man hath a body, and that body is confined to a place; but where friendship is, all offices of life are, as it were, granted to him and his deputy; for he may exercise them by his friend. How many things are there which a man cannot, with any face, or comeliness, say or do himself? A man can scarce alledge his own merits with modesty, much less extol them; a man cannot sometimes brook to supplicate, or beg, and a number of the like: but all these things are graceful in a friend's mouth, which are blushing in a man's own. So again, a man's person hath many proper relations which he cannot put off, A man cannot speak to his son but as a father; to his wife but as a husband; to his enemy but upon terms: whereas a friend may speak as the case requires, and not as it sorteth with the person: but to enumerate these things were endless; I have given the rule, where a man cannot fitly play his own part; if he have not a friend he may quit the stage. To be translated into ENGLISH PROSE. AT Marius, cupientissuma plebe Consul factus, postquam ei "provinciam Numidiam populus jussit, antea jam infestus nobilitati, tum vero multus, atque ferox instare: singulos modo, modo universos lædere: dictitare, sese Consulatum ex victis illis spolia cepisse; alia præterea magnifica pro se, et illis dolentia: interim, quæ bello opus erant, prima habere: 3postulare legionibus supplementum : auxilia a populis, et regibus, sociisque arcessere præterea ex Latio fortissimum quemque, plerosque militia, paucos fama cognitos accire, et ambiendo cogere 3 homines emeritis stipendiis secum proficisci. Neque illi Senatus, quamquam adversus erat, de ullo negotio abnuere audebat: ceterum supplementum etiam lætus decreverat: quia, * neque plebi militia volenti putabatur, et Marius aut belli usum, aut studium vulgi amissurus. Sed ea res frustra sperata. Tanta lubido cum Mario eundi plerosque invaserat. 5 LUDI forte, ex instauratione, Magni Romæ parabantur : instaurandi hæc caussa fuerat. Ludis mane servum quidam paterfamiliæ, nondum commisso spectaculo, sub furca cæsum medio egerat circo: cœpti inde ludi, velut ea res nihil ad religionem pertinuisset. Haud ita multo post, Tib. Antinio, de plebe homini, somnium fuit. Visus Jupiter dicere, "Sibi ludis præsultatorem displicuisse: nisi magnifice instaurarentur hi ludi, periculum urbí fore: iret, ea consulibus nunciaret." Quanquam haud sane liber erat religione animus; verecundia tamen majestatis magistratuum timorem vicit, ne in ora hominum pro ludibrio abiret. Magno illi ea cunctatio stetit: filium namque intra paucos dies amisit: cujus repentinæ cladis ne causa dubia esset, ægro animi eadem illa in somnis obversata species, visa est rogitare, "Satin' magnam spreti numinis haberet mercedem ? majorem instare, ni eat propere aç nunciet consulibus." Jam præsentior res erat: cunctantem tamen, ac prolatantem, ingens vis morbi adorta est, debilitate subita. Tum enimvero Deorum ira admonuit: fessus igitur malis præteritis, instantibusque, consilio propinquorum adhibito, quum visa atque audita, et obversatum toties somno Jovem, minas, irasque cœlestes repræsentatas casibus suis exposuisset; consensu inde haud dubio omnium qui aderant, in forum ad consules lectica defertur: inde in curiam jussu consulum delatus, eadem illa quum Patribus ingenti omnium admiratione enarrasset; ecce aliud miraculum; qui captus omnibus membris delatus in curiam esset, eum functum officio pedibus suis domum rediisse, traditum memoriæ est. "CICERO ATTICO S. 1 - UTRUMQUE ex tuo consilio: nam et 7 oratio fuit ea nostra, ut bene potiùs ille (Cæsar) de nobis existimaret, quam gratias ageret: et in eo mansimus, ne ad urbem. Illa fefellerunt, facilem quod putaramus. Nihil vidi minùs. Damnari se nostro judicio, tardiores fore reliquos, si in his non venerimus, dicere. Ego, dissimilem illorum esse causam. Cum multa; veni igitur, et age de pace. Meone, inquam, arbitratu? An tibi, inquit, ego præscribam ? Sic, inquam, agam: Senatui non pla cere in Hispanias iri, nec exercitus in Græciam transportari; multaque, inquam, de Cnæo deplorabo. Tum ille, Ego vero ista dici nolo. Ita putabam, inquam: sed ego eo nolo adesse, quod aut sic mihi dicendum est, multaque quæ nullo modo possem silere, si adessem; aut non veniendum. Summa fuit, ut ille quasi exitum quærens, ut deliberarem. Non fuit negandum. Ita decessimus. Credo igitur hunc me non 9 amare: at ego me amavi; quod mihi jam pridem usu non venit. Reliqua, o dii, 10 qui comitatus! quæ, ut tu soles dicere, vexuía! O rem perditam! O copias desperatas! quid, quod Servii filius? quod Titinii? quot in his castris fuerunt, quibus Pompeius circumsideretur? sex legiones. Multum vigilat, audet. Nullum video finem mali. Nunc certe promenda tibi sunt consilia. Hoc fuerat extremum. Illa tamen xaraxλsiç illius est odiosa, quam pæne præterii; "si sibi consiliis nostris uti non liceret, usurum, quorum posset, ad omniaque esse descensurum." Vidisti igitur virum? Ut scripseras. Ingemuisti ? certe. Cedo reliqua. Quid? Continuo ipse in Pedanum, ego Arpinum: inde exspecto quidem adayeuσav illam tuam. Tu (malum) inquies, I actum ne agas: etiam illum ipsum, quem sequimur, multa fefellerunt. Sed ego tuas litteras exspecto: nihil est enim jam, ut antea, " videamus hoc quorsum evadat." Extremum fuit de congressu nostro: quo quidem non dubito quin istum 12 offenderim. Eo maturius agendum est. Amabo te epistolam, et πολιτικήν : Valde tuas litteras nunc exspecto. QUESTIONS. 1 RELATE the circumstances which immediately preceded this first election of Marius to the Consulship, and state what causes contributed at this time to render him a favorite with the people. Mention also in what manner, and from what orders of Citizens at this period, the Consuls were elected. 2 Postquam ei provinciam Numidiam populus jussit. Was this in conformity with the usual practice? On what occasion did the Romans first interfere in the affairs of Numidia? and when was the country reduced to a Roman province ? 3 Explain the expressions "postulare legionibus supplementum,” "auxilia a populis arcessere," and "homines emeritis stipendiis." 4 "Neque plebi militia volenti putabatur." Explain the construction of these words, and quote instances of the same construction. 5 State what these "Ludi magni” were; mention when and by whom they were instituted, and what were the "spectacula" exhibited at them. Explain also the meaning of the phrase "ex instauratione," 6 From a review of the contents of this letter state your opinion as to the time when it was written. Mention also how far, and in what way Cicero and Atticus took a part, both then and subsequently, in the contest between Cæsar and Pompey. 7 Quote instances in which "oratio" is used in the same sense as in this passage, 8 Explain, by reference to the history of that period, what is meant by the words "Ego, inquam," "sic agam;" "Senatui non placere in Hispanias iri, nec exercitus in Græciam transportari." 9 Point out the difference in signification of the words amare and diligere; and translate "Te semper amavi dilexique." Cic. Ep. ad Fam. 15.7. 10 "Qui comitatus!" Name some of the principal persons here alluded to as the adherents of Cæsar. 66 11 Explain the phrase actum ne agas:" also the words "Extremum fuit de congressu nostro," and illustrate by quotations this use of the preposition "de.” 12 Give the true meaning of the word “ offendere.” Translate the two expressions, " Non dubito quin hunc offendam:” and “Non dubito an hunc offendam." THUCYDIDIS. LIB. II. Cap. 49. To be translated into ENGLISH. ΚΑΙ οἵδε μὲν προσηκόντως τῇ πόλει τοιοίδε ἐγένοντο· τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς χρὴ ἀσφαλεστέραν μὲν εὔχεσθαι, ἀτολμοτέραν δὲ μηδὲν ἀξιοῦν τὴν ἐς τοὺς πολεμίους διάνοιαν ἔχειν, σκοποῦντας μὴ λόγῳ μόνῳ τὴν (α) ὠφέλειαν· ἣν ἂν τις πρὸς οὐδὲν χεῖρον αὐτοὺς ὑμᾶς εἰδότας μηκύνοι, λέγων ὅσα ἐν τῷ τοὺς πολεμίους ἀμύνεσθαι, ἀγαθὰ ἔνεστιν· ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον τὴν τῆς πόλεως δύναμιν καθ' ἡμέραν ἔργῳ θεωμένους, καὶ ἐρασε τὰς γιγνομένους αὐτῆς. καὶ ὅταν ὑμῖν μεγάλη δόξῃ εἶναι, ἐνθυμουμέ νοις ὅτι τολμῶντες, καὶ γιγνώσκοντες τὰ δέοντα, καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις αἰσχυνόμενοι ἄνδρες αὐτὰ ἐκτήσαντο· καὶ ὁπότε καὶ πείρα του σφαλείς ησαν, οὔκουν καὶ τὴν πόλιν γε τῆς σφετέρας ἀρετῆς ἀξιοῦντες στερίσ κειν, κάλλιστον δὲ ἔρανον αὐτῇ προϊέμενοι, κοινῇ γὰρ τὰ σώματα δια δόντες, ἰδίᾳ τὸν ἀγήρων ἔπαινον ἐλάμβανον, καὶ τὸν τάφον ἐπισημότα τον, οὐκ ἐν ᾧ κεῖνται μᾶλλον, ἀλλ ̓ ἐν ᾧ ἡ δόξα αὐτῶν παρὰ τῷ ἐντυχόντι ἀεὶ καὶ λόγου καὶ ἔργου καιρῷ ἀείμνηστος καταλείπεται. (6) ἀνδρῶν γὰρ ἐπιφανῶν πᾶσα γῆ τάφος, καὶ οὐ στηλῶν μόνον ἐν τῇ οἰκείᾳ σημαίνει ἐπιγραφὴ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῇ μὴ προσηκούσῃ ἄγραφος μνήμη παρ' ἑκάστῳ τῆς γνώμης μᾶλλον ἢ τοῦ ἔργου ἐνδιαιτάται. οὓς νῦν ὑμεῖς ζηλώσαντες, καὶ (c) τὸ εὔδαιμον, τὸ ἐλεύθερον· τὸ δὲ ἐλεύθερον, τὸ εὔψυχον κρίναντες, μὴ περιορᾶσθε τοὺς πολεμικοὺς κινδύνους. οὐ γὰρ οἱ κακοπραγοῦντες δικαιότερον ἀφειδοῖεν ἂν τοῦ βίου, οἷς ἐλπὶς οὐκ ἔστ ̓ ἀγαθοῦ· ἀλλ ̓ οἷς ἡ ἐναντία μεταβολὴ ἐν τῷ ζῇν ἔτι κινδυνεύεται, καὶ ἐν οἷς μάλιστα μεγάλα τὰ διαφέροντα, ἤν τι πταίσωσιν. ἀλγεινοτέρα γὰρ ἀνδρὶ (α) γε φρόνημα ἔχοντι ἡ ἐν τῷ μετὰ τοῦ μαλακισθῆναι κάκωσις, ἢ ὁ μετὰ ῥώμης καὶ κοινῆς ἐλπίδος ἅμα γιγνόμενος ἀναίσθητος θάνατος, Διόπερ καὶ τοὺς τῶνδε νῦν τοκέας, ὅσοι πάρεστε, οὐκ (e) ὀλοφύρομαι μᾶλλον ἢ παραμυθήσομαι. ἐν πολυτρόποις γὰρ ξυμφοραῖς (1) ἐπίσταν ται τραφέντες. τὸ δ ̓ εὐτυχὲς, οἳ ἂν τῆς εὐπρεπεστάτης λάχωσιν, ὥστ περ οἵδε μὲν νῦν, τελευτῆς, ὑμεῖς δὲ λύπης· καὶ οἷς ἐνευδαιμονῆσαί τε βίος ὁμοίως καὶ ἐντελευτῆσαι ξυνεμετρήθη· χαλεπὸν μὲν οὖν οἶδα πεί θειν ὄν, ὧν καὶ πολλάκις ἕξετε ὑπομνήματα ἐν ἄλλων εὐτυχίαις, οἷς ποτὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ ἠγάλλεσθε· καὶ λύπη οὐχ ὧν ἄν τις μὴ πειρασάμενος ἀγαθῶν στερίσκηται, ἀλλ ̓ οὗ ἂν ἐθὰς γενόμενος ἀφαιρεθείη. καρτερεῖν δὲ χρὴ καὶ ἄλλων παίδων ἐλπίδι, οἷς ἔτι ἡλικία τέκνωσιν ποιεῖσθαι ἰδίᾳ τε γὰρ τῶν οὐκ ὄντων λήθη οἱ ἐπιγιγνόμενοί τισιν ἔσονται· καὶ τῇ πόλει διχόθεν, ἔκ τε τοῦ μὴ ἐρημοῦσθαι, καὶ ἀσφαλείᾳ ξυνοίσειν. οὐ γὰρ οἷόν τε ἶσόν τι ἢ δίκαιον βουλεύεσθαι οἳ ἂν μὴ καὶ παῖδας ἐκ τοῦ ὁμοίου (8) παραβαλλόμενοι κινδυνεύωσιν. ὅσοι δ ̓ αὖ παρηβήκατε, τόν τε πλείονα, κέρδος ὂν, εὐτυχεῖτε βίον, ἡγεῖσθε καὶ τόνδε βραχὺν ἔσεσ θαι, καὶ τῇ τῶνδε εὐκλείᾳ κουφίζεσθε. τὸ γὰρ φιλότιμον ἀγήρων μόνον καὶ οὐκ ἐν τῷ ἀχρείῳ τῆς ἡλικίας τὸ κερδαίνειν, ὥσπερ τινὲς φασὶ, μᾶλλον τέρπει, ἀλλὰ τὸ τιμᾶσθαι. Παισὶ δ ̓ αὖ ὅσοι τῶνδε πάρεστε, ἢ ἀδελφοῖς, ὁρῶ μέγαν τὸν ἀγῶνα. τὸν γὰρ οὐκ ὄντα ἅπας εἴωθεν ἐπαινεῖν· καὶ μόλις ἂν καθ ̓ ὑπερβολὴν ἀρετῆς οὐχ ὅμοιοι ἀλλ ̓ ὀλίγῳ χείρους κριθείητε (h) φθόνος γὰρ τοῖς ζῶσι πρὸς τὸν ἀντίπαλον· τὸ δὲ μὴ ἐμποδὼν ἀνανταγωνίστῳ εὐνοίᾳ τετίμηται. εἰ δέ με δεῖ καὶ γυναικείας τὶ ἀρετῆς, ὅσαι νῦν ἐν χηρείᾳ ἔσονται, μνησθῆναι, βραχείᾳ παραινέσει ἅπαν σημανῷ. (i) τῆς τε γὰρ ὑπαρχούσης φύσεως (4) μὴ χείροσι γενέσθαι, ὑμῖν μεγάλη ἡ δόξα, καὶ ἧς ἂν ἐπ' ἐλάχιστον ἀρετῆς πέρι ἢ ψόγου ἐν τοῖς ἄρσεσι κλέος ᾖ. (1) Εἴρηται καὶ ἐμοὶ λόγῳ κατὰ τὸν νόμον ὅσα εἶχον πρόσφορα· καὶ ἔργῳ, οἱ θαπτόμενοι, τὰ μὲν, ἤδη κεκόσμηνται· τὰ δὲ, αὐτῶν τοὺς παῖδας τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦδε δημοσίᾳ ἡ πόλις μέχρις ἥβης θρέψει, ὠφέλιμον στέφανον τοῖσδέ τε καὶ τοῖς λειπομένοις τῶν τοιῶνδε ἀγώνων προτιθεῖσα. ἆθλα γὰρ οἷς κεῖται ἀρετῆς μέγιστα, τοῖσδε καὶ ἄνδρες ἄριστοι πολιτεύουσι. νῦν δὲ ἀπολοφυράμενοι ὃν προσήκει ἑκάστῳ, ἄπιτε. ARISTOTELIS ETHIC. LIB. VI. Cap. 5. To be translated into ENGLISH. ΔΙΑ τοῦτο Περικλέα καὶ τοὺς τοιούτους, φρονίμους οιόμεθα εἶναι, ὅτι τὰ αὑτοῖς ἀγαθὰ, καὶ τὰ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις δύνανται θεωρεῖν· εἶναι δὲ τοιούτους ἡγούμεθα τοὺς οἰκονομικούς, καὶ πολιτικούς· Ενθεν καὶ τὴν σωφροσύνην τούτῳ προσαγορεύομεν τῷ ὀνόματι, ὡς σώζουσαν τὴν φρόνησιν· Σώζει δὲ τὴν τοιαύτην ὑπόληψιν· οὐ γὰρ πᾶσαν ὑπόληψιν διαφθείρει, οὐδὲ διαστρέφει τὸ ἡδὺ, καὶ τὸ λυπηρόν· οἶον, ὅτι τὸ τρίγω νον δυσὶν ὀρθαῖς ἴσας ἔχει, ἢ οὐκ ἔχει· ἀλλὰ τὰς περὶ τὸ πρακτόν Αἱ μὲν γὰρ ἀρχαὶ τῶν πρακτῶν, τὸ οὗ ἕνεκα τὰ πρακτά· τῷ δὲ διαφθαρμένῳ δι' ἡδονὴν, ἢ λύπην, εὐθὺς οὐ φανεῖται ἡ ἀρχὴ, οὐδὲ δεῖν τού του ἕνεκα, οὐδὲ διὰ τοῦθ ̓ αἱρεῖσθαι πάντα καὶ πράττειν· ἔστι γὰρ ἡ κατ κία φθαρτικὴ ἀρχῆς. Ωστ ̓ ἀνάγκη τὴν φρόνησιν ἕξιν εἶναι μετὰ λόγου ἀληθῆ, περὶ τὰ ἀνθρώπινα ἀγαθὰ πρακτικήν. |