The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609

able accordance already Alva Antwerp appeared arms army assistance attempt authority became become began Beggars Brabant Brussels called Calvinism Calvinists carried Catholic cause Charles Church citizens continued Council Count course danger Dutch enemy especially fact Flanders followed force foreign formed France French Friesland Gelderland German Ghent Government Groningen Habsburg hand Holland and Zealand importance independence influence interests Italy John King land language leaders less longer looked marched matter means Mechlin movement natural Netherlandish Netherlands never nevertheless nobility nobles North northern once opposition Orange organization Parma party peace Philip political position possessed possible Prince Protestant provinces question raised Reformed region religion religious remained resistance revolt rivers rule ruler seemed side soon South Spain Spaniards Spanish Stadtholder States-General subjected taken took town trade troops true Union Utrecht Walloon whole