The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609

able accordance already Antwerp appeared army attempts authority became become Beggars Brabant Brussels called Calvinism Calvinists carried Catholic caused century Charles Church citizens civilization continued Council Count course danger Dutch especially fact Flanders followed forces foreign formed France French Friesland Gelderland German Ghent give Government Groningen Habsburg hand Holland and Zealand importance independence influence interests Italy King lands language leaders less linguistic longer marched matter means Mechlin monarchy moreover movement natural Netherlandish Netherlands never nevertheless nobility nobles North northern once opposition Orange organization Parma party peace period Philip political position possessions Prince Protestant provinces question raised Reformed region religion religious remained resistance revolt rivers rule ruler seemed side soon South Spain Spaniards Spanish Stadtholder States-General subjects taken tion town trade troops true Union Utrecht Walloon whole