BRAZIL.

1828."

TREATY OF AMITY, COMMERCE, AND NAVIGATION.

Concluded December 12, 1828; ratification advised by the Senate March 10, 1829; ratified by the President March 10, 1829; ratifications exchanged March 18, 1829; proclaimed March 18, 1829.

In the name of the Most Holy and Indivisible Trinity.

The United States of America and His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, desiring to establish a firm and permanent peace and friendship between both nations, have resolved to fix, in a manner clear, distinct and positive, the rules which shall in future be religiously observed between the one and the other, by means of a treaty or general convention of peace, friendship, commerce and navigation.

For this most desirable object, the President of the United States has conferred full powers on William Tudor, their Chargé d'Affaires at the Court of Brazil; and His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, on the Most Illustrious and Most Excellent Marquez of Aracaty, a member of his Council, Gentleman of the Imperial Bedchamber, Councillor of the Treasury, Grand Cross of the Order of Aviz, Senator of the Empire, Minister and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and

By a notice given from the Emperor of Brazil this treaty "only for articles relating to commerce and navigation was terminated December 12, 1841.

Miguel de Souza Mello e Alvim, a member of his Council, Commander of the Order of Aviz, Knight of the Imperial Order of the Cross, Chief of Division in the Imperial and National Navy, Minister and Secretary of State for the Marine;

Who, after having exchanged their said full powers, in due and proper form, have agreed to the following articles:

ARTICLE I.

There shall be a perfect, firm and inviolable peace and friendship between the United States of America and their citizens and His Imperial Majesty, his successors and subjects, throughout their possessions and territories respectively, without distinction of persons or places.

ARTICLE II.

The United States of America and His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, desiring to live in peace and harmony with all the other nations of the earth, by means of a policy frank and equally friendly with all, engage mutually not to grant any particular favor to other nations, in respect of commerce and navigation, which shall not immediately become common to the other party, who shall enjoy the same freely, if the concession was freely made, or on allowing the same compensation if the concession was conditional. It is understood, however, that the relations and conventions which now exist, or may hereafter exist, between Brazil and Portugal, shall form an exception to this article.

ARTICLE III.

The two high contracting parties, being likewise desirous of placing the commerce and navigation of their respective countries on the liberal basis of perfect equality and reciprocity, mutually agree that the citizens and subjects of each may frequent all the coasts and countries of the other, and reside and trade there in all kinds of produce, manufactures and merchandise; and they shall enjoy all the rights, privileges, and exemptions in navigation and commerce, which native citizens or subjects do or shall enjoy, submitting themselves to the laws, decrees and usages there established, to which native citizens. or subjects are subjected. But it is understood that this article does not include the coasting trade of either country, the regulation of which is reserved by the parties respectively, according to their own separate laws.

ARTICLE IV.

They likewise agree that whatever kind of produce, manufactures or merchandise of any foreign country can be from time to time lawfully imported into the United States, in their own vessels, may be also imported in vessels of Brazil; and that no higher or other duties upon the tonnage of the vessel and her cargo shall be levied and collected, whether the importation be made in the vessels of the one country or the other. And in like manner, that whatever kind of produce, manufactures or merchandise of any foreign country, can

be, from time to time, lawfully imported into the Empire of Brazil, in its own vessels, may be also imported in vessels of the United States; and that no higher or other duties upon the tonnage of the vessel and her cargo shall be levied or collected, whether the importation be made in vessels of the one country or of the other. And they agree that whatever may be lawfully exported, or reëxported from the one country in its own vessels, to any foreign country, may, in like manner, be exported or reëxported in the vessels of the other country. And the same bounties, duties and drawbacks shall be allowed and collected, whether such exportation or reëxportation be made in vessels of the United States or of the Empire of Brazil. The Government of the United States, however, considering the present state of the navigation of Brazil, agrees that a vessel shall be considered as Brazilian when the proprietor and captain are subjects of Brazil and the papers are in legal form.

ARTICLE V.

No higher or other duties shall be imposed on the importation into the United States of any articles the produce or manufactures of the Empire of Brazil, and no higher or other duties shall be imposed on the importation into the Empire of Brazil of any articles the produce or manufactures of the United States, than are or shall be payable on the like articles, being the produce or manufactures of any other foreign country; nor shall any higher or other duties or charges be imposed in either of the two countries, on the exportation of any articles to the United States, or to the Empire of Brazil, respectively, than such as are payable on the exportation of the like article to any other foreign country; nor shall any prohibition be imposed on the exportation or importation of any articles, the produce or manufactures of the United States, or of the Empire of Brazil, to or from the territories of the United States, or to or from the territories of the Empire of Brazil, which shall not equally extend to all other nations.

ARTICLE VI.

It is likewise agreed that it shall be wholly free for all merchants, commanders of ships and other citizens or subjects of both countries, to manage themselves their own business, in all the ports and places subject to the jurisdiction of each other, as well with respect to the consignment and sale of their goods and merchandise by wholesale or retail, as with respect to the loading, unloading and sending off their ships; they being in all these cases to be treated as citizens or subjects of the country in which they reside, or at least to be placed on a footing with the subjects or citizens of the most favored nation.

ARTICLE VII.

The citizens and subjects of neither of the contracting parties shall be liable to any embargo, nor be detained with their vessels, cargoes or merchandise or effects, for any military expedition, nor for any public or private purpose whatever, without allowing to those interested a sufficient indemnification.

ARTICLE VIII.

Whenever the citizens or subjects of either of the contracting parties shall be forced to seek refuge or asylum in the rivers, bays, ports or dominions of the other, with their vessels, whether of merchant or of war, public or private, through stress of weather, pursuit of pirates or enemies, they shall be received and treated with humanity, giving to them all favor and protection, for repairing their ships, procuring provisions, and placing themselves in a situation to continue their voyage without obstacle or hindrance of any kind.

ARTICLE IX.

All the ships, merchandise and effects belonging to the citizens or subjects of one of the contracting parties, which may be captured by pirates, whether within the limits of its jurisdiction, or on the high seas, and may be carried or found in the rivers, roads, ports, bays or dominions of the other, shall be delivered up to the owners, they proving in due and proper form their rights before the competent tribunals, it being well understood that the claim should be made within the term of one year by the parties themselves, their attorneys or agents of their respective Governments.

ARTICLE X.

When any vessel belonging to the citizens or subjects of either of the contracting parties shall be wrecked, foundered, or shall suffer any damage on the coasts or within the dominions of the other, there shall be given to them all assistance and protection, in the same manner which is usual and customary with the vessels of the nation where the damage happens, permitting them to unload the said vessel, if necessary, of its merchandise and effects, without exacting for it any duty, impost or contribution whatever, until they may be exported, unless they be destined for consumption.

ARTICLE XI.

The citizens or subjects of each of the contracting parties shall have power to dispose of their personal goods within the jurisdiction of the other, by sale, donation, testament or otherwise; and their representatives, being citizens or subjects of the other party, shall succeed to the said personal goods, whether by testament, or ab intestato, and they may take possession thereof, either by themselves, or others acting for them, and dispose of the same at their will, paying such dues only as the inhabitants of the country wherein said goods are shall be subject to pay in like cases; and if, in the case of real estate, the said heirs would be prevented from entering into the possession of the inheritance on account of their character of aliens, there shall be granted to them the term of three years to dispose of the same as they may think proper, and to withdraw the proceeds without molestation, nor any other charges than those which are imposed by the laws of the country.

ARTICLE XII.

Both the contracting parties promise and engage formally to give their special protection to the persons and property of the citizens and subjects of each other, of all occupations, who may be in their territories, subject to the jurisdiction of the one or the other, transient or dwelling therein, leaving open and free to them the tribunals of justice for their judicial intercourse, on the same terms which are usual and customary with the natives or citizens and subjects of the country in which they may be; for which they may employ, in defence of their rights, such advocates, solicitors, notaries, agents and factors, as they may judge proper in all their trials at law.

ARTICLE XIII.

It is likewise agreed that the most perfect and entire security of conscience shall be enjoyed by the citizens or subjects of both the contracting parties, in the countries subject to the jurisdiction of the one and the other, without their being liable to be disturbed or molested on account of their religious belief, so long as they respect the laws and established usages of the country. Moreover, the bodies of the citizens and subjects of one of the contracting parties who may die in the territories of the other shall be buried in the usual burying grounds, or in other decent or suitable places, and shall be protected from violation or disturbance.

ARTICLE XIV.

It shall be lawful for the citizens and subjects of the United States. of America and of the Empire of Brazil, to sail with their ships, with all manner of liberty and security, no distinction being made who are the proprietors of the merchandise laden thereon, from any port to the places of those who now are, or who hereafter shall be, at enmity with either of the contracting parties. It shall likewise be lawful for the citizens and subjects aforesaid to sail with the ships and merchandises before mentioned, and to trade with the same liberty and security, from the places, ports and havens of those who are enemies of either party, without any opposition or disturbance whatsoever, not only directly from the places of the enemy before mentioned to neutral places, but also from one place belonging to an enemy to another place belonging to an enemy, whether they be under the jurisdiction of one power or under several. And it is hereby stipulated that free ships shall also give freedom to goods, and that everything shall be deemed to be free and exempt which shall be found on board the ships belonging to the citizens or subjects of either of the contracting parties, although the whole lading, or any part thereof, should appertain to the enemies of either, contraband goods being always excepted. It is also agreed in like manner that the same liberty be extended to persons who are on board a free ship, with this effect, that, although they be enemies to both or either party, they are not to be taken out of that free ship unless they are officers or soldiers and in the actual service of the enemies; provided, however,