creased, commerce showed much growth, and three new States Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee - had been added to the Union. Large numbers of his fellow citizens suggested that he serve as President for a third term. He was, however, not only wearied from the constant worry of public life and therefore eager for a few quiet years at his Mount Vernon home, but he believed that it would be better for the coun

been issued by any of our chief executives. In it he appealed to Americans to stand for high principles in their Government-to cultivate a "cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment" to the Union; to make no permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world," and to be just and act in good faith toward all other nations.

QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

1. What would probably have been the result if our country had shirked its duty of paying the Revolutionary debts?

2. State the difference between a tariff for protection and a tariff for

revenue.

3. How did Washington make the Whiskey Rebellion serve a good purpose?

1 It first appeared in the Daily Advertiser of Philadelphia, September 19, 1796.

4. Show that Washington's policy toward the French Revolution was wise. Explain how it has influenced our subsequent history.

5. You notice that the writers of this book give two points of view regarding Jay's Treaty. Select a current question of importance to your community, your State, or the Nation, and save clippings from periodicals on both sides of the question, grouping them as "For," or "Against."

6. Read aloud Washington's Farewell Address. Make a list of some of the wise suggestions in it.

7. Lodge, in his Life of Washington, says: "The goodness and kindness of a man's heart, however, are much more truly shown in the little details of life than in the great matters which affect classes or communities. Washington was considerate and helpful to all men." Bring incidents to class to illustrate this side of his character.

8. Again, Lodge says, "A soldier by instinct and experience, he never grew indifferent to the miseries of war." Prove both the first and second parts of this statement.

9. What events happened in Washington's Administration which showed his moral courage?

10. Learn the stanza beginning, "Soldier and Statesman, rarest unison," from Lowell's Under the Old Elm. Explain its meaning by telling the story that justifies each statement.

II. Make an outline of the chapter.

COMPOSITION SUBJECTS

I. A group of veterans see Washington pass in his coach and six. They fall into conversation about the man as he appeared on various occasions. One saw him at Braddock's defeat; one describes him when crossing the Delaware; one heard him praying at Valley Forge; another saw him when the British surrendered at Yorktown. Relate and

dramatize the conversation.

2. A crowd of mountaineers in western Pennsylvania is angrily confronting a group of men come to collect the whiskey tax. One of the mountaineers makes a speech urging war. Another says he will not fight against the Government for which he fought at Trenton and Brandywine. (a) Write the latter speech. (b) Dramatize the scene. 3. Describe some act of Washington's Administration you particularly admire and tell why you admire it.

4. Suppose you were a Federalist living in Washington's Administration. Write a letter to a friend who is an Anti-Federalist, explaining your position and try to show him wherein you believe he is wrong.

CHAPTER XXI

JOHN ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION:

1797-1801

THE WAR WITH FRANCE

222. Our War with France. Washington's successor was John Adams of Massachusetts, a Federalist.1 Just as he came into office, France was trying to take revenge upon the United States for not help

ing her to fight Great Britain, also for signing Jay's Treaty. Her cruisers captured some of our merchant vessels out at sea; but what was worse, some of her private agents went secretly to the American envoys in Paris, and said that the French Government would make war on us unless we paid a heavy bribe to its principal officers.

Adams indignantly notified Congress of this insolent proposal; but in his message he prudently called the French

JOHN ADAMS

agents X, Y, and Z, without revealing their names. The documents which he presented were therefore popularly known as the "X, Y, Z Papers." Everywhere, Americans

1 John Adams was born in 1735 at Braintree, Mass., graduated from Harvard College, and was a lawyer. While a member of the Continental Congress he strongly advocated separation from Great Britain. At the close of the Revolution he was one of the commissioners to arrange the treaty of peace. He also served for several years as our envoy in France, and as our minister to London. Adams was selected as the presidential candidate of the Federalists by the leaders of that party, for then there were no national party conventions. He died in 1826.

were intensely angry at France, their watchword being, "Millions for defense; not one cent for tribute!"

France retorted by attacking American vessels. Our army was reorganized, with Washington as its commander, but the fighting was wholly on sea.1 Each nation captured several of the other's vessels; but the American navy was gradually getting the better of it, when Napoleon Bonaparte,2 who had just come to power in France, made peace with us (1800).3

223. Alien and Sedition Laws. While this war was in progress, still more serious trouble was brewing at home. Many of the newspapers in the United States were at that time conducted by men, mostly foreigners, who favored France. These editors made a practice of viciously abusing President Adams and his Government, and trying to get our country into trouble with Great Britain. Congress tried to check these offenses by passing two laws, 1798: –

(a) The Alien Law authorized the President to banish from the country any foreigner whose presence here was harmful to the nation. This law was never put in force.

(b) The Sedition Law provided for the punishment of persons who spoke or wrote maliciously about the President or the Government. Under this law a number of persons were punished.

224. Virginia and Kentucky pass Nullification Resolutions. These laws aroused the fierce anger of the Democratic-Republicans. They declared that such legislation concentrated power in the hands of the Federal Govern

1 The outbreak of this war led to the establishment of our Navy Department, which was created by Act of Congress, April 30, 1798.

2 Napoleon rose to be the national hero of France, because of his victories as a general in her wars with other European nations. The people first made him head of the French Republic (1799), and then Emperor (1804). In 1814 he was forced by his allied foes to abdicate, and for several months was imprisoned on the island of Elba; but he escaped, and for a few months again ruled France, until defeated at Waterloo (June 18, 1815). He died (1821) a prisoner of the British on the lonely island of St. Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean.

During the great popular excitement attending this war, Joseph Hopkinson, a Philadelphia lawyer, wrote the stirring song, "Hail Columbia," which at once became a favorite throughout the country.