take Mobile, the other great port upon the Gulf of Mexico. This task was given to the daring and energetic Admiral Farragut, who had taken New Orleans and assisted Grant in the siege of Vicksburg. On August 5, 1864, about six weeks before Sherman took Atlanta, Farragut advanced with a strong fleet against Mobile, which was protected by several ships, besides shore forts and batteries. Lashing himself high up in the rigging of his own vessel, he could see above the smoke of battle and was the better able to direct the movements of his captains. After a sharp fight the Admiral demolished the enemy's fleet and silenced the shore guns.

The loss of Mobile was severely felt by the Confederates, for they had now completely lost control of the Gulf, which had been their chief outlet for the blockade runners that smuggled cotton to England.

By the close of the year 1864 it was plainly to be seen that the South was being gradually closed in upon by the stronger forces of the North. It was now merely a question of time when the Confederacy must collapse.

QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

I. Fill in the following outline of the campaigns of 1863-64:

Chief Battles

Northern Leaders

Southern Leaders

Result

2. Trace on a map the route followed by Lee in his attempted invasion of the North.

3. Compare, as to number engaged and number killed, the decisive battle of the Revolution with the decisive battle of the Civil War. Fix the date and location of each.

4. Read Andrews's A Perfect Tribute.

5. Learn Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, page 367.

6. Was Sherman justified in laying waste the whole country through which he passed to the sea? Debate.

7. What was Grant's strongest trait as a general? Give proofs of your

statement.

8. Which of the Northern generals do you admire most? Why? Which of the Southern? Why?

9. Make an outline of the chapter.

10. Important dates: July 1-4, 1863 — Battle of Gettysburg and the Surrender of Vicksburg.

COMPOSITION SUBJECTS

1. Write a short sketch of the life of the leader in the Civil War whom you most admire.

2. Read in a large history an account of Pickett's charge and describe it to the class, using the blackboard.

3. Give an account of a boy who is trying to persuade his father to allow him to enlist in the war as a drummer boy. Dramatize.

CHAPTER XXXVII

THE CLOSE OF THE WAR: ITS COST AND ITS RESULTS

346. The President enters on a second term. Lincoln was reëlected President, and his second inauguration took place on March 4, 1865. In his inaugural address he eloquently said: "With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan - to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations."

By that time events were happening that foreshadowed the speedy end of the long and terrible war.

347. Lee is surrounded. During the winter of 1864-65 Lee's army was gradually being surrounded by the much larger, better-fed, and better-equipped army of the Union. One by one all sources of supply for the Confederate forces were being cut off. After the fall of Chattanooga and Atlanta, and Sherman's destructive march to the sea, Lee could no longer get either men or food from west of the Allegheny Mountains. The coast of the Gulf of Mexico was under Union control. Sherman was now driving or destroying everything before him, on his way northward from Savannah, and thus made it impossible for Richmond longer to receive help from the South. In a series of brilliant dashes, Sheridan1 was likewise devastating the fertile Shenandoah

1 Philip Henry Sheridan was a native of New York State, where he was born. in 1831. Having been educated at West Point, he was an infantry captain at the outbreak of the Civil War. But he soon went into the cavalry, and was so brave and dashing a leader that it was not long before he was a majorgeneral. In October, 1864, when he was in command of the Army of the Shenandoah, a part of his troops were surprised by the enemy. He was himself at Winchester, twenty miles away, but on hearing the roar of battle rode rapidly

Valley, which was Lee's pathway to the rich farming country of Maryland. Thus, wherever the Confederate commander turned, he faced Union troops; and soon his soldiers were suffering severely for lack of proper and sufficient food. Their clothing was also worn to shreds, even their shoes were in bad condition.

348. The surrender of Lee. On the night of April 1, 1865, the silent and persistent Grant at last hammered down the formidable defenses of Petersburg. The next day Lee in despair retreated to the west under cover of darkness, and on April 3 Grant floated the Stars and Stripes above the roofs of Richmond. The President soon arrived from Washington, and the Union camp was a scene of triumphant joy. But Lee had escaped. To capture him and his army was

Copyright, 1887, by The Century Co.

now Grant's chief desire. The Confederate general had hoped to join his half-starved forces to those of General Joseph E. Johnston, and to make another stand against the enemy. Sheridan's troops

however, at the

small village of Appomattox Court House, seventy-five miles west of Richmond. The leader of the Confederate army was no longer able to fight. Therefore, with nearly 27,000 of his toward the scene and met his men in full retreat. He is reported to have shouted to them, "Face the other way, boys! We are going back to our camps!" They at once turned and drove their pursuers from the field. This incident is immortalized in Thomas Buchanan Read's thrilling poem, "Sheridan's Ride." Sheridan was in 1888 made general-in-chief of the army, and died a few months later. "Little Phil," as his soldiers called him, because of his small stature, was never defeated in battle.

1 From a war-time photograph reproduced in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. The house on the right, with the veranda, is Mr. McLean's house, in which the articles of capitulation were agreed upon and signed.

men, he surrendered to Grant on April 9. This important event took place in the parlor of a small brick house in the village, in the presence of a few Confederates and the leading generals of the Eastern army of the Union.

Feelings of bitterness at once ceased between the two rival armies. The "boys in blue" freely shared their food with the famished and worn-out" boys in gray," whom they

UNION SOLDIERS SHARING THEIR RATIONS WITH CONFED

ERATES AFTER LEE'S SURRENDER1

now treated as guests. Grant sent 25,000 rations to the Confederate camp, a good evidence of his magnanimity. The terms of surrender, also, were as generous and honorable as any ever recorded in the history of warfare. The Union general permitted the men and officers of the Confederate army at once to leave for their homes, on giving up their guns and promising no longer to carry on war against the United States. All of them were allowed to take with them their baggage and side-arms (pistols and swords), also their horses and mules.2 Grant said to Lee

1 From a war-time sketch reproduced in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 2 The animals used in the Union army belonged to the Federal Government; but Lee told Grant that in the Confederate army they were the private property of the cavalrymen and artillerymen who rode them.