This exposition was much of a surprise to most Northern people. They now saw that the South had wonderfully changed of late years, almost without their knowing it. Before the war that section had scarcely any other industry than agriculture. But after the rule of the carpetbaggers ceased and good order was restored, enterprising men opened in the South great mines of coal and iron, and built there many kinds of factories, especially cotton mills.

Places that in old slave

days had been sleepy

little villages were now

A SOUTHERN COTTON FIELD

cities, whose inhabitants were familiar with the clang of hammers and the whir of spindles. The railways had been increased, lengthened, and in many ways improved. The great crop of cotton had grown to nearly three times the size of the one picked in the year before the war.1

Southerners deserved to be proud of the prosperity of their region, and to be ambitious for

its future. They began to call it by a happy name, "The New South." At last they realized that slavery had long kept them back, commercially and industrially. Under the system of free labor most of the whites had by this time won back almost all that they had lost in the war; and many of them-particularly those who, before the war, had been poor and had not owned slaves were much more prosperous than they had ever been before.

wallis. France sent over some of her soldiers and several naval vessels, and there were parades, naval reviews, and the like, by both nations.

1 In 1860 it was about 5,400,000 bales; in our own time, it occasionally reaches 13,000,000.

As for the freed negroes, they too were fast making progress. Good schools had been provided for their race.1 Many were able to acquire considerable wealth; so that by twenty years after the fall of the Confederacy the former slaves had added millions of dollars to the assessment rolls of the South.2

QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

1. Which Presidents have died in office?

2. What is meant by reform in the civil service? What officeholders in your community are under civil service rules?

3. How has the usefulness of the postal service of the Government been increased of late years?

4. Explain why the South is more prosperous with free labor than it formerly was with slave labor.

5. Make an outline of the chapter.

COMPOSITION SUBJECTS

1. Write and dramatize a morning-hour at the White House in which Garfield receives a friend of towpath days, several soldiers who had served under him, and an office-seeker.

2. Imagine that you lived in 1881. Shocked at the assassination of Garfield, you write a newspaper editorial against the spoils system. 3. It is suggested that the class write two paragraphs, one descriptive of the best aspects of the Old South, and one of the New South.

4. Peter Stuyvesant has returned to New York. Write his impressions as he sees the Brooklyn Bridge and the life of the city.

1 The colored industrial schools especially have been very successful. The Tuskegee Institute, in Alabama, is conducted by Booker T. Washington, the leader of the negro race in America. At Hampton, Virginia, is the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, a famous school of this sort for both negroes and Indians.

2 Among the events of the Arthur Administration was the opening (in 1883) of a suspension bridge over East River, connecting New York with Brooklyn. It cost $15,000,000, a sum then thought to be enormous. There are now, however, three bridges joining Manhattan Island and Long Island. Besides these overhead highways, there are several tunnels, or "tubes," for fast electric trains; some of these run under East River to Long Island, others under Hudson, or North, River to the New Jersey shore.

CHAPTER XLII

CLEVELAND'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION: RELATIONS BETWEEN

CAPITAL AND LABOR

1885-1889

382. Election of President Cleveland. For twenty-four years the Republicans had controlled the Federal Government. But in the autumn of 1884 the Democrats won the presidential election. Their candidate, Grover Cleveland,1 was inaugurated in the following March. 383. Death of General Grant. One of the earliest events of the new Administration was the death of General Grant, which took place near Saratoga, New York, in July, 1885.2 The public funeral of the great soldier was held in New York City. The procession was eight miles long and passed between lines of veterans of the Civil War, among whom were many famous Confederate officers. It was the most imposing spectacle of the kind that Americans had ever seen. The body was deposited in a temporary tomb in Riverside Park, overlooking the Hudson River, and here in after years a beautiful monument was erected.

GROVER CLEVELAND

1 Cleveland was born in New Jersey in 1837. His family moved to New York State when he was quite young, and he became a lawyer in Buffalo. His first important public office was that of mayor of his city (1881); then he was elected governor of New York (1882); and two years later President of the United States. He died in 1908 at Princeton, New Jersey.

2 He had but recently completed his Memoirs, a two-volume work telling in a most interesting manner the story of his life down to the close of the war.

384. Labor troubles; anarchy in Chicago. During the year 1885 and the winter of 1885-86, there was widespread dissatisfaction among American workmen. They asked their employers to shorten the number of hours in a day's work, to give them better pay, and in other ways to improve the conditions of labor. But these demands were not granted. In the spring and early summer of 1886, therefore, strikes on railroads and street-car systems and in mines and factories were common all over the thickly settled parts of the country. Many of these strikes gave rise to disturbances in which considerable property was destroyed.

The most violent outbreak of this kind occurred in Chicago, where 40,000 men suddenly stopped work and crowded the streets of the city, to denounce their "bosses" for apparently having no sympathy with laborers. A band of violent anarchists1 took advantage of this uprising to make speeches to the excited mobs. They advised their hearers to abolish all forms of government and to kill those soldiers and policemen who attempted to interfere with them. One of these anarchist meetings was held in Haymarket Square, but the police broke it up. In the turmoil an anarchist threw at the officers a bomb filled with dynamite. Its explosion killed several and wounded others. The leaders in the terrible assault were caught and four of them were hanged after a fair trial in court. Since then anarchists have been severely dealt with in this country.2

385. The Australian ballot. Before the year 1888 most of the ballots used in American elections were furnished by the candidates for office. These ballots were printed in dif

1 This dangerous class of men believe that there should be no government. In order to help bring about such a condition of affairs they are willing to destroy the property of the rich and even to take the lives of men who hold high official positions, such as kings and presidents. They are especially violent against the soldiery and the police, whose business it is to compel people to obey the laws. 2 In 1884 the Federal Government organized a Bureau of Labor, to gather and publish useful facts about wages and the conditions under which men and women labor in the United States and foreign countries. Four years later, in President Cleveland's first term, this bureau was enlarged into a Department of Labor. In 1903 there was established the Department of Commerce and Labor, the head of which is a member of the President's Cabinet.

ferent styles of type, and the paper was of many sizes and colors. The object of this variety was to enable candidates or their agents, who always stood close to the ballot box, to see just what ticket each citizen was voting. Employers who had ordered their workmen to vote for certain candidates could in this way find out whether they were being obeyed; dishonest office-seekers, who paid men for voting for them, could also make sure that the purchased vote was cast.

This public method of voting deprived large numbers of the common people of their liberty on election day. Tens

SKETCH OF A VOTING PLACE

To prevent fraud, clerks identify each voter upon his entrance. The voter then marks his ballot in private, at a booth, folds it, and deposits it in the ballot-box

of thousands of them felt obliged to vote as they were told, from fear of powerful politicians or of their own employers. And the system also made easy the abominable practice of vote-buying.

Between 1888

and 1894 most of

the States introduced a very necessary reform in this matter. They ordered that all ballots should in the future be officially printed, should be of the same size and color, and should contain the names of all the candidates, no matter to what party each one belonged. These papers were to be marked by the voter in secret, in a booth arranged for that purpose, and nobody but himself need ever know what candidate he had chosen. The "Australian Ballot," so called because originated in Australia, is now used from one end of this country to the other. It has helped to make our elections more honest.

386. Three famous laws. The first Administration of