RICE GLUE. (See Cements.) RICHARD I, King of England, surnamed Cœur de Lion, second son of Henry II, by Eleanor of Guienne, was born in 1157. In 1173, he was induced by his mother to unite with his brothers, Henry and Geoffry, and other confederates, in a rebellion against his father, which, however, that active prince soon quelled. This conduct he repeated on more than one occasion, until, in 1189, he openly joined the king of France, and, in the war which ensued, pursued the unhappy Henry from place to place, who, being at the same time deserted by his youngest son, died, worn out with chagrin and affliction, at Chinon, cursing his undutiful and ungrateful children with his latest breath. (See Henry II.) On this event, Richard succeeded to the throne of England, and, visiting his father's corpse the day after his decease, expressed great remorse at his own conduct. Having settled his affairs in France, he sailed to England, and was crowned at Westminster. He prudently gave his confidence to his father's ministers, and discountenanced all who had abetted his own rebellion. He had taken the cross previously to his accession, and now bent all his views to the gratification of his martial ardor in the fields of the East. He raised money by the sale of the crown property and offices, and by every other means he could devise, including the remission of a large sum of the vassalage imposed by his father upon Scotland. He then sought an interview with Philip of France, who had also taken the cross, in which mutual conditions respecting their joint operations were agreed upon. A great number of English barons and others took the cross on this occasion, to which enterprise a massacre of the Jews, in several of the principal towns of the kingdom, formed a prelude. At midsummer, 1190, Richard and Philip united 100,000 of their bravest subjects on the plains of Vezelai. Richard then proceeded to embark at Marseilles, and the two kings met at Messina, where they spent the winter. Here Richard was joined by Berengaria, daughter of Sanchez, king of Navarre, his intended wife; but, without staying to celebrate his nuptials, he put to sea with his fleet, which was soon after dispersed by a storm. The king got into Crete; but those of his ships which had his bride and his sister, the queen of Sicily, on board, were driven into Cyprus, where the king of that island imprisoned

princesses. In revenge for this insult, Richard landed his army, and obliged the king to surrender himself and his sovereignty. In Cyprus, he consummated his nuptials, and then embarked for Palestine. At this period, the siege of Acre was carrying on by the remnant of the army of the emperor Frederic, and other Christian adventurers, and defended by a Saracen garrison, supported by the celebrated Saladin. (q. v.) The arrival of the two kings infused new vigor into the besiegers, and the place surrendered in July, 1191. This advantage was, however, succeeded by mutual jealousies, more especially excited by a contest for the crown of Jerusalem, between Lusignan and Conrad of Montferrat; the former being supported by Richard, and the latter by the king of France. At length, disgusted with a warfare in which he only acted a secondary character, the latter returned to Europe, leaving 10,000 men with Richard. A general engagement took place, in which Richard, by the greatest bravery and military skill, gained a complete victory, which was followed by the possession of Joppa, Ascalon, and other places. Richard advanced within sight of Jerusalem; but, the greater part of the auxiliaries refusing to concur in the siege, he retired to Ascalon, and, perceiving his difficulties increase, concluded a truce with Saladin, on condition that Acre, Joppa, and the other seaports of Palestine, should remain in the hands of the Christians, who were also to enjoy full liberty of performing pilgrimages to Jerusalem. Richard now prepared to return to England, but previously concurred in the election of Conrad (almost immediately after assassinated) to the nominal sway of Jerusalem, and bestowed his conquered kingdom of Cyprus upon Lusignan. He embarked at Acre in October, 1192, and sailed for the Adriatic; but was wrecked near Aquileia. Taking the disguise of a pilgrim, he pursued his way through Germany, until, being discovered near Vienna, he was arrested by the order of Leopold, duke of Austria, who, having received an affront from him in Palestine, seized this opportunity to gratify his avarice and revenge. The emperor, Henry VI, who had also a quarrel with Richard, for his alliance with Tancred, the usurper of the crown of Sicily, hearing of his captivity, demanded him from Leopold, who gave him up, on the stipulation of a portion of his ransom. While Richarɩ' was imprisoned, his brother John (q. v.)

had taken up arms in England, in concert with the king of France. Richard bore his misfortunes with courage, and when the emperor charged him, before the diet of Worms, with various imaginary offences, he refuted these accusations with so much spirit, that the assembly loudly exclaimed against his detention. At length a treaty was concluded for his Liberation, on the payment of a ransom of 150,000 marks, which being raised in England, Richard obtained his liberty. Richard embarked at the mouth of the Scheldt, and safely reached England in March, 1194, to the great joy of his subjects. After being re-crowned in England, he landed in France in May, 1194, where he was met by his brother John, who threw himself at his feet, and, under the mediation of his mother, entreated forgiveness. "I forgive him," said Richard, "and I hope I shall as easily forget his injuries as he will my pardon." In the ensuing war with Philip, Richard gained some advantages; but a truce soon suspended their hostilities. Leopold, having received an accidental hurt which proved mortal, expressed remorse for his treatment of Richard, and gave up all claim to the remainder of his ransom. The emperor also offered to remit the remainder of his debt, provided he would join him in an offensive alliance against, France, which was readily agreed to. England, during this period of useless contention, partly through the rapacity of government, and partly through unpropitious seasons, productive of famine and pestilence, was in a state of great depression. A lasting accommodation with France was in agitation, preparatory to another crusade, when the life and reign of Richard were suddenly brought to a close. A considerable treasure having been found in the land of the viscount of Limoges, he sent part of it to Richard as his feudal sovereign. The latter, however, demanded the whole; which being refused, he invested the castle of Chalus, where the treasure was concealed, and, having refused terms of surrender to the garrison, in the openly expressed determination of hanging the whole of them, was wounded by a shot from the crossbow of one Bertrand de Gourdon. The assault was, however, successfully made, and all the garrison hanged, with the exception of Gourdon, who was reserved for a more cruel death. Richard, apprized that his wound was mortal, asked him what had induced him to attempt his life. The man replied, "You killed

my father and my brother with your own hand, and designed to put me to an ignominious death." The prospect of death had inspired Richard with sentiments of moderation and justice, and he ordered Gourdon to be set at liberty, and allowed a sum of money; but the savage Marcadée, who commanded the Brabançons, which the king had hired for the expedition, caused the unhappy man to be flayed alive. Richard died of his wound on the 6th of April, 1199, in the forty-second year of his age, and tenth of his reign, leaving no issue. The character of this king was strongly marked. He was the bravest among the brave, often frank and liberal, and not devoid of generosity. At the same time, he was haughty, violent, unjust, rapacious, and sanguinary; and, to use the expression of Gibbon, united the ferocity of a gladiator to the cruelty of a tyrant. His talents were considerable, both in the cabinet and in the field, and he was shrewd in observation, eloquent, and very happy at sarcasm. He was also a poet; and some of his reputed compositions are preserved among those of the Troubadours. On the whole, a sort of romantic interest is attached to the character and exploits of this prince, which, in the eye of reason, they little merit, as the career of Richard produced calamities poorly atoned for by the military reputation which alone attended it.

RICHARD II, king of England, son of Edward the Black Prince, and grandson of Edward III, was born in 1366. He succeeded the latter in 1377, in his eleventh year, the chief authority of the state being in the hands of his three uncles, John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, Edmund, earl of Cambridge, afterwards duke of York, and Thomas of Woodstock, subsequently duke of Gloucester. The earlier years of the king's minority passed in wars with France and Scotland, the expense of which led to exactions that produced the insurrection headed by Wat Tyler. Its termination in the death of its chief leader in Smithfield, by the hand of the lord mayor of London, in the presence of the young king, afforded the latter an opportunity to exhibit a degree of address and presence of mind, which, in a youth of fifteen, was very remarkable. Whilst the rioters stood astonished at the fall of their leader, the young king calmly rode up to them, and, declaring that he would be their leader, drew them off, almost involuntarily, into the neighboring fields. In the mean time, an armed force was collected by the lord mayor and

others, at the sight of which the rioters fell on their knees and demanded pardon, which was granted them on the condition of their immediate dispersion. Similar insurrections took place in various parts of the kingdom, all of which were, however, put down, and Richard, now master of an army of 40,000 men, collected by a general summons to all the retainers of the crown, found himself strong enough to punish the ringleaders with great severity, and to revoke all the charters and manumissions which he had granted, as extorted and illegal. The promise of conduct and capacity which he displayed on this emergency was but ill answered in the sequel; and he very early showed a predilection for weak and dissolute company, and the vicious indulgences so common to youthful royalty. In his sixteenth year, he married Anne, daughter of the emperor Charles IV, and, soon after, was so injudicious as to take the great seal from Scroop, for refusing to sanction certain extravagant grants of lands to his courtiers. Wars with France and Scotland, and the ambitious intrigues of the duke of Lancaster, disquieted some succeeding years. The favorites of Richard were Michael de la Pole, earl of Suffolk and chancellor, and Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, the latter of whom he created duke of Ireland, with entire sovereignty in that island for life. The duke of Lancaster, being then absent, prosecuting his claim to the crown of Castile, the king's younger uncle, the duke of Gloucester, a prince of popular manners, and unprincipled ambition, became the leader of a formidable opposition, which procured an impeachment of the chancellor, and influenced the parliament so far that it proceeded to strip the king of all authority, and obliged him to sign a commission appointing a council of regency for a year. Being now in his twenty-first year, this measure was very galling to Richard, who, in concert with the duke of Ireland, found means to assemble a council of his friends at Nottingham, where the judges unanimously declared against the legality of the extorted commission. Gloucester, at these proceedings, mustered an army in the vicinity of London, which being ineffectually opposed by a body of forces under the duke of Ireland, several of the king's friends were executed, and the judges who had given their opinion in his favor, were all found guilty of high treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life in Ireland. A reaction was soon produced

by the tyranny of the ascendant party; so that, in 1389, Richard was encouraged to enter the council, and, in a resolute tone, to declare that he was of full age to take the government into his own hands; and, no opposition being ventured upon, he proceeded to turn out the duke of Gloucester and all his adherents. This act he rendered palatable to the nation by publishing a general amnesty, and remitting the grants of money made by the late parliament. Several years of internal tranquillity ensued, which was promoted by the return of the duke of Lancaster, who formed a counterbalance to the influence of the duke of Gloucester; and Richard prudently kept on the best terms with him. By his fondness for low company, by spending his time in conviviality, and amusement with jesters, and persons of mean station and light behavior, the king forfeited the respect of his subjects, while his weak attachment to his favorites placed all things at their disposal, and made a mere cipher of himself. Encouraged by these follies, the duke of Gloucester once more began to exercise his sinister influence, and, the most criminal designs being imputed to him, Richard caused him and his two chief supporters, the earls of Arundel and Warwick, to be arrested. The earl of Arundel was executed, and the earl of Warwick condemned to perpetual banishment. The duke of Gloucester had been sent over to Calais for safe custody, and was there suffocated. A quarrel between the duke of Hereford, son of John of Gaunt, and the duke of Norfolk, was the incidental cause of the revolution which terminated this unsettled reign. The king banished both the dukes-Norfolk for life, and Hereford for ten, afterwards reduced to six years. It was, however, declared that each of them should be duly entitled to any inheritance which might fall to them during their absence; but, on the death of John of Gaunt, in 1399, the unprincipled Richard seized his property as forfeited to the crown. The king having embarked for Ireland, to revenge the death of his cousin, the earl of March, who had been killed in a skirmish with the natives, Henry of Bolingbroke, as the duke of Hereford was now called, made use of this opportunity to land in Yorkshire, with a small body of forces, and, being joined by the earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland, and other influential leaders, proceeded southward, at the head of 60,000 men, nominally to recover his duchy of Lancaster. When Richard,

upon this intelligence, landed at Milford haven, he found himself so much deserted, that he withdrew to North Wales, with a design to escape to France. He was, however, decoyed to a conference with Henry, seized by an armed force, and led by his successful rival to London. As they entered the capital, Henry was hailed with the loudest acclamations, and the unfortunate Richard treated with neglect and even contumely. His deposition was now resolved upon, to be preceded by a forced resignation of the crown. Thirty-five articles of accusaten were accordingly drawn up against him, of which several were exaggerated, false and frivolous, but others contained real instances of tyranny and misgovernment; and king Richard was solemnly deposed Sept. 30, 1399. Henry then claimed the crown, which was awarded to him. (See Henry IV.) Richard was committed, for safe custody, to the castle of Pomfret. Of the manner of his death no certain account has been given; but a popular notion prevailed, that his keeper and guards killed him with halberds. It is more probable that starvation or poison was had recourse to, for his body, when exposed, exhibited no marks of violence. He died in the thirty-fourth year of his age, and twenty-third of his reign.

RICHARD III, king of England, born in 1450, was the youngest son of Richard duke of York. On the accession of his brother, Edward IV, he was created duke of Gloucester, and, during the early part of Edward's reign, served him with great courage and fidelity. He partook of the ferocity which was ever a dark feature in the character of the Plantagenets; and is said to have personally aided in the murder of Edward prince of Wales, after the battle of Tewksbury, and to have been the author, if not the perpetrator, of the murder of Henry VI (q. v.) in the Tower. This bloody disposition was, however, united in him with deep policy and dissimulation, which rendered him still more dangerous. He married, in 1473, Anne, who had been betrothed to the murdered prince of Wales, joint heiress of the car of Warwick, whose other daughter was united to the duke of Clarence. Quarrels arose between the brothers on the division of the inheritance of their wives; and Richard, who found his elder brother an obstacle to his views of aggrandizement, combined in the accusations against that weak and versatile prince, which brought him to destruction. On the death of Edward, in 1483, the duke of Gloucester was

appointed protector of the kingdom; and he immediately caused his nephew, the young Edward V, to be declared king, and took an oath of fealty to him. The two ascendant factions, that of the queen's relatives, headed by her brother, carl Rivers, and that of the more ancient nobility, who were led by the duke of Buckingham and lord Hastings, courted the favor of the protector, who dissembled with each, while he was secretly pursuing the schemes of his own dark ambition. His first object was to get rid of those who were connected with the young king by blood; and, after spending a convivial evening with Rivers, Grey, and sir Thomas Vaughan, he had them arrested the next morning, and conveyed to Pomfret, where they were soon after executed without trial. Alarmed at the arrest of her relatives, the queen dowager took refuge in the sanctuary at Westminster, with her younger son, the duke of York, and her daughter. As it was necessary, for the protector's purposes, to get both his nephews into his hands, he persuaded two prelates to urge the queen to deliver the duke of York into his hands, upon the most solemn assurances of safety. Lord Hastings, although opposed to the queen's relatives, being the steady friend of her children, was next arrested, while sitting in council, and led to immediate execution. After this hold and bloody commencement, he proceeded in an attempt to establish the illegitimacy of Edward's children, on the pretence of a previous marriage with the lady Eleanor Talbot, daughter of the earl of Shrewsbury, and scrupled not to countenance an attack on the character of his own mother, who was affirmed to have given other fathers to Edward and Clarence, and to have been true to her husband only in the birth of Richard. All these pleas were dwel upon in a sermon preached at St. Paul's cross. The duke of Buckingham afterwards, in a speech before the corporation and citizens of London, enlarged upon the title and virtues of the protector, and then ventured to ask them whether they chose the duke of Gloucester for king. On their silence, he repeated the question, and a few prepared voices exclaimed, "God save king Richard!" This was then accepted as the public voice, and Buckingham, with the lord mayor, repaired to the protector with a tender of the crown. He at first affected alarm and suspicion, and then pretended loyalty to his nephew, and unwillingness to take such a burden upon himself, but finally acceded; and he was

proclaimed king on the 27th of June, 1483, the mock election being secured by bodies of armed men, brought to the metropolis by himself and Buckingham. The deposed king and his brother were never more heard of, and, according to general belief, they were smothered in the Tower of London, by order of their uncle. (See Edward V.) The new reign commenced with rewards to those who had been instrumental to the change, and with endeavors to obtain popularity. Richard, with a splendid retinue, made a progress through several provincial towns, and was crowned a second time at York, on which occasion he created his only son prince of Wales. But hatred and abhorrence of Richard soon became the general sentiment of the nation, and all men's eyes were turned towards Henry, earl of Richmond, maternally descended from the Somerset branch of the house of Lancaster. Buckingham, not thinking himself adequately rewarded, entered into a conspiracy against him, with other malcontents in the south and west of England, but was suddenly deserted by his followers, betrayed into the hands of authority, and executed without trial. About the same time, the earl of Richmond, who had embarked with a fleet from St. Malo, encountered a violent storm, and was obliged to return. The death of his son, the prince of Wales, was a severe stroke to Richard; and such was the odium attached to his character, that the death of his wife, which followed soon after, was, without the least evidence, attributed to poison. He immediately determined to marry his niece Elizabeth, the daughter of his brother Edward, and legitimate heiress of the crown, in order to prevent her union with Richmond. In August, 1485, Richmond landed with a small army at Milford haven. Richard, not knowing in what quarter to expect him, was thrown into much perplexity, which was aggravated by his suspicion of the fidelity of his nobles, and especially the Stanleys, the chief of whom had become the second husband of Margaret, the earl of Richmond's mother. When informed of the advance of his rival, he, however, took the field with great expedition, and met him with an army of 15,000 men at Bosworth, in Leicestershire. Richmond had only 6000 men, but relied on the secret assurances of aid from Stanley, who commanded a separate force of 7000. The battle was fought on the 23d of August, 1485; and, in the midst of it, Stanley, by falling on the flank of the royal

army, secured the victory to Richmond. (See Henry VII.) Richard, finding his situation desperate, rushed against his competitor, slew his standard-bearer, and was on the point of encountering Richmond himself, when he sunk under the number of his assailants. The body of Richard was found in the field stripped naked, in which condition it was carried across a horse to Leicester, and interred in the Grey Friars' churchyard. Thus fell this odious prince, in his thirty-fifth year, after possessing the crown, which he had acquired by so many crimes, for two years and two months. Richard possessed courage, capacity, eloquence, and most of the talents which would have adorned a lawful throne. Many of his bad qualities have probably been exaggerated, but undeniable facts prove his cruelty, dissimulation, treachery, and relentless ambition. Gibbon has answered the Historic Doubts of Walpole concerning the reign and character of Richard. Richard III has been represented as of small stature, deformed, and of a forbidding aspect; but there is some testimony to prove that his personal, like his mental, defects, have been magnified by the general detestation of his character.

RICHARDSON, Samuel, a distinguished English novelist, was born in 1689, in Derbyshire, and received only a common school education. He early discovered a talent for story-telling and letter-writing, and, at the age of thirteen,was the confidant of three young women in their love secrets, and employed by them in their amatory correspondence. At the usual age, he was bound apprentice to Mr. John Wilde, a printer of Stationer's hall, London, and, after the expiration of his apprenticeship, passed five or six years as a foreman in a printing-office, until at length he set up for himself. His habits of diligence, accuracy, and honorable dealing, acquired him an extensive business; and, beginning to thrive in the world, he married the daughter of his former master. His Pamela, the first work which gave him distinction as a writer, was published in 1741. The first two volumes were completed in two months; and so great was its popularity, that it ran through five editions in one year, and was even recommended from the pulpit. The novelty of his plan, with many passages of great beauty, and interesting traits of character, may account for much of this reception; but, even at that time, critics existed who entertained those opinions of its imperfections, and