gram of scientific and technological cooperation that requires the help of international cooperation, especially of the United States.

41. It is imperative to carry out fully the Action Program agreed by the Presidents of America with respect to science and technology. To that end, and in view of the fact that scientific and technological development requires resources of an order of magnitude much in excess of the amount currently being invested at the national and regional levels, it becomes necessary to have available special funds for such development, which should be granted without repayment commitments.

On the basis of the complementarity of efforts mentioned, the United States of America should:

42. Support the Latin American countries in respect to science and technology, channeling its cooperation in consideration of the goals and priorities set by those countries and through the pertinent national and regional organizations.

43. Adopt suitable methods to improve the transfer of technology to the region. In this respect it should:

(a) Contribute to the improvement of scientific and technological information through the training of experts and assistance in setting up national information centers, which would make it possible to create regional scientific and technical information machinery, including information on patents, trade-marks, licenses, etc.

(b) Intensify assistance for improving the region's scientific and technological infrastructure, by means of the following measures, among others: increased exchange of scientists; promotion of cooperative programs of research on problems of importance to Latin America; strengthening and supplementing the necessary physical facilities for scientific and technological research.

44. Improve the transfer of science and technology among the countries of Latin America, for which purpose it should:

(a) Substantially increase its financial support of the multinational projects contained in the Regional Program of Scientific and Technological Development; and

(b) Support the efforts for cooperation among Latin American countries in relation to teaching and research, among both state and private organizations or universities.

45. Assist in the efforts of the Latin American countries to speed up the establishment of their own science and technology, for which effect it should:

(a) Encourage research work in the Latin American countries by United States concerns that have branches or affiliates there, using national or regional scientific and technological ability;

(b) Study, within the framework of Latin American national or regional programs, the execution in Latin America of certain specific scientific and technological research programs of interest to the region that are presently being carried out in the United States by government or paragovernment bodies;

(c) Support the national development programs prepared by the countries of Latin America to encourage scientific and technological development; and

(b) Investments for social development are one way of raising standards of living of the people, a factor of great importance for the increase of productivity and a better distribution of income; therefore, they deserve preferential attention, taking into account the particular situation of each country.

(c) The goals set forth in the Declaration of the Presidents of America on the social development of Latin America can reach full and prompt fruition only if there is a considerable increase in international technical and financial cooperation for social development, which cooperation should be provided on the basis of the programs and policies of each country, with due consideration for national characteristics.

To that end, the financial cooperation should be granted without discrimination and on especially flexible terms; therefore, mechanisms such as the Fund for Special Operations of the Inter-American Development Bank (whose resources should be increased in due course) should be used more widely.

E. TECHNICAL COOPERATION

39. It is affirmed that the following principles should be observed in the field of technical cooperation:

(a) Technical cooperation should be a joint undertaking of the parties concerned. Its volume, processes, and form of coordination should be fitted to the national objectives of each country, according to its economic and social development plans.

(b) Technical cooperation should be channeled through the national coordinating agencies of each country or, as the case may be, of regional or subregional agencies.

(c) Technical cooperation should be directed toward supporting and supplementing the national programs of each country and the agencies in charge of the execution of those programs, but not toward replacing such programs or agencies.

(d) Multilateral technical cooperation should be strengthened and substantially increased.

(e) Latin American experts should be used in so far as possible in programs of technical cooperation.

(f) Technical cooperation should not be cut down as the countries of Latin America achieve more advanced and complex stages in their growth; rather it should be adapted to the new conditions in the development process.

(g) In attention to the needs and responsibilities involved in the process of national and regional development, technical cooperation should be made available basically on nonreimbursable terms.

F. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

40. For the fulfillment of their economic and social development programs, the countries of Latin America recognize that it is necessary vigorously to promote a process of scientific and technological development, based on maximum domestic effort and supplemented by international cooperation. In this sense the countries of Latin America will adopt a concerted action plan, through a broad pro

gram of scientific and technological cooperation that requires the help of international cooperation, especially of the United States.

41. It is imperative to carry out fully the Action Program agreed by the Presidents of America with respect to science and technology. To that end, and in view of the fact that scientific and technological development requires resources of an order of magnitude much in excess of the amount currently being invested at the national and regional levels, it becomes necessary to have available special funds for such development, which should be granted without repayment commitments.

On the basis of the complementarity of efforts mentioned, the United States of America should:

42. Support the Latin American countries in respect to science and technology, channeling its cooperation in consideration of the goals and priorities set by those countries and through the pertinent national and regional organizations.

43. Adopt suitable methods to improve the transfer of technology to the region. In this respect it should:

(a) Contribute to the improvement of scientific and technological information through the training of experts and assistance in setting up national information centers, which would make it possible to create regional scientific and technical information machinery, including information on patents, trade-marks, licenses, etc.

(b) Intensify assistance for improving the region's scientific and technological infrastructure, by means of the following measures, among others: increased exchange of scientists; promotion of cooperative programs of research on problems of importance to Latin America; strengthening and supplementing the necessary physical facilities for scientific and technological research.

44. Improve the transfer of science and technology among the countries of Latin America, for which purpose it should:

(a) Substantially increase its financial support of the multinational projects contained in the Regional Program of Scientific and Technological Development; and

(b) Support the efforts for cooperation among Latin American countries in relation to teaching and research, among both state and private organizations or universities.

45. Assist in the efforts of the Latin American countries to speed up the establishment of their own science and technology, for which effect it should:

(a) Encourage research work in the Latin American countries by United States concerns that have branches or affiliates there, using national or regional scientific and technological ability;

(b) Study, within the framework of Latin American national or regional programs, the execution in Latin America of certain specific scientific and technological research programs of interest to the region that are presently being carried out in the United States by government or paragovernment bodies;

(c) Support the national development programs prepared by the countries of Latin America to encourage scientific and technological development; and

(d) Support national efforts toward integration of the action of the entrepreneurial, governmental, university, and technological research sectors in order to increase the capacity for original research.

46. It is also necessary to agree between the countries of Latin America and the United States on joint international action to promote the region's scientific and technological development. In that regard the United States should:

(a) Collaborate in the review of existing international conventions on patents, for the purpose of improving for developing countries the terms of access to industrial knowledge and processes and of eliminating restrictive practices, thereby making possible the more effective use of the benefits of science and technology covered by the said instruments, as well as the rapid and effective utilization of such benefits in industry in the aforesaid countries.

The cooperation of the United States in this field should include facilities for wider access, with assurances of equitable, nondiscriminatory treatment, to industrial processes that are subject to licenses, and to contracts for technical services. To that effect it is necessary to promote on an urgent basis a joint study of the problems involved in the transfer and absorption of technology where patents are concerned.

(b) To act jointly with the countries of Latin America in advocating that the international financing institutions and credit organizations in the developed countries grant them loans on advantageous terms for scientific and technological research, within the framework of national priorities.

(c) Similarly to advocate that in the financing of development projects funds always be included for the research that such projects may require, using the scientific and technological capacity of the countries of the region.

(d) To give its support to the holding (on an urgent basis) of a conference on the application of science and technology to Latin American development.

13. Resolution 21 of the VII Inter-American Economic and Social Council (CIES), Panama, September 1971, on Economic Measures Adopted by the United States

CONSIDERING

The measures announced by the Executive Branch of the United States in Public Proclamation of August 15, 1971;

The explanation given by the United States concerning these measures in world and regional forums;

The immediate adverse effects of those measures on the economies. of Latin America recognized by the United States;

The commitments assumed by all member states in international and regional forums and documents, such as the GATT, UNCTAD, the Declaration of the Presidents of America, the Action Plan of Viña del Mar, the Charter of the OAS, Resolution REM-1/70 creating the Special Committee for Consultation and Negotiation of CIES, and the Strategy of the Second Development Decade of the United Nations concerning prior consultation, the standstill commitment, and differential treatment as regards developed and developing countries; That the existing tariffs being applied to the products included by the United States in its scheme for the General System of Preferences are not being eliminated as was agreed upon; on the contrary, the United States has increased them through the 10 percent surcharge, thereby, not only depriving the developing countries of the benefits they might have obtained through the scheme, but worsening the relative competitive position of the developing countries in the United States market, which the preference scheme of the United States was intended to substantially improve;

That the elimination of the causes of the 10 percent surcharge is in the interest of all member nations:

That the Inter-American Economic and Social Council is responsible for harmonizing economic relations among the member states; and

TAKING NOTE

That the position expressed in the Manifesto of Latin America (Doc. CIES/1671 corr. 2) attached hereto and, particularly, the following facts:

That the Latin American countries consider it unfair that they should suffer the consequences of measures aimed at correcting the balance of payments deficit of the United States, since they are not responsible for its causes.

That it is necessary to establish a link between greater liquidity and external development financing.

Source: CIES. VII Annual Meetings of the Inter-American Economic and Social Council, Panama, Republic of Panama, September 10-20, 1971, Final Report. Washington, D.C., General Secretariat of the Organization of American States, 1971.