Catholic Colony, finally had a majority of Protestants. The other Colonies were almost entirely Protestant. The Church of England was established in Virginia, Maryland, and the Carolinas. In New England, the colonists were Calvinists in doctrine and Congregational in discipline. The leading denomination in New York was the Dutch Reformed. The first Baptist church in America was established by Roger Williams, at Providence. Pennsylvania, Delaware, West Jersey, Rhode Island, and, in some measure, North Carolina, were Quaker Colonies. The different sects were often at variance with each other. The New England Puritans imprisoned Baptists and executed Quakers. The Virginia Churchmen imprisoned Quakers and Baptists and banished Puritans. As time passed, all denominations became much more liberal and tolerant, and before the close of the colonial period religious persecution was entirely given up.

VI. All the Colonies had more or less experience of British oppression. Two kinds of oppression were particularly experienced, the commercial oppression of the "Navigation Acts" and the oppression of royal governors. (For the Navigation Acts, see Virginia, ¶ 35; Massachusetts, T 80.) The royal governors were, in many cases, unprincipled men, who sought to get rich by swindling the colonists. These oppressions had one good effect, —they made the colonists jealous of their rights and liberties, and helped develop the people up to the sentiment of independence.

VII. The leading business of the colonists was agriculture. The restrictions imposed by the British government bore heavily on colonial trade and manufactures; but, in spite of these, they flourished to a good degree. It has been noticed, that, in most of the Colonies, education received proper attention. The first printing-press in America was set up at Cambridge in 1639. The first newspaper printed in America was the Boston News Letter, issued in 1704. Among great thinkers may be mentioned Jonathan Ed

REVIEW QUESTIONS. VI. State what is said of British oppression.

VII. State what is said of agriculture; of trade and manufactures; of education; of the first printing-press; of the first newspaper; of great men; of population.

wards as a metaphysician and Benjamin Franklin as a scientific discoverer. The population of the Colonies at the close of the colonial period was nearly 3,000,000.

XI. — THE FRENCH WARS.

1. French Explorations. — About the time when the first English colonies were founded on the Atlantic coast (1607–1620), France began to establish colonies to the northin Acadia and Canada. (See pp. 14, 15.)

2. While the various English colonies were growing, the French, on the St. Lawrence, were growing too. They gradually pushed westward. They established missions, tradingposts, and forts along the chain of Great Lakes. They penetrated the Mississippi Valley. They finally claimed that valley from the source of the Mississippi to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico. They said it was a part of NEW France.

3. The presence of two rival nations on American soil made it certain that some time the two would come into collision. It was sure there would be a contest for the mastery of the continent.

wars.

4. Such a contest did come. It was fought through four These are: 1. The war of 1689, called "King William's War"; 2. The war of 1702, called "Queen Anne's War"; 3. The war of 1745, called "King George's War"; 4. The war of 1754, called the "French and Indian War." The last was the most important. But they were all French and Indian

wars.

5. We must first look at French explorations. Between 1609 and 1616, Champlain made western explorations, in which he discovered Lake Champlain and Lake Huron, and entered Northern New York with a party of Canadian Indians to fight the Iroquois. Other explorers followed Champlain.

QUESTIONS. 1. When did France begin to make American settlements? 2. Give an account of the growth of the French in America.

3. What is said of the effect of the presence of the two rival nations?

4. How many wars were there in America between the French and English? Name them, and give the dates.

5. What must we first look at? Give an account of Champlain's explorations.

6. The principal French explorers were Jesuit missionaries. There was a wonderful romance in their wanderings and labors to convert the savages and explore the country. In the year 1634 we find these zealous men as far westward as Lake Huron, where they had established missions.

7. In 1668 the mission of St. Mary's was established on the southern shore of the outlet of Lake Superior.

8. In 1673 a Jesuit missionary named Marquette [market'], with a trader named Joliet [zhol-e-ay'] and five other Frenchmen, started out to reach a "great river" in the far West, of which much had been heard. This was the Mississippi.

The explorers reached the Mississippi, and sailed down it to the mouth of the Arkansas. This may be called the second discovery of the Mississippi.

9. In 1679 a bold adventurer, named La Salle [sal], built

QUESTIONS.-6. Who were the principal French explorers? What is said about

them?

7. Where and when was the mission St. Mary's established?

8. Give an account of Marquette's exploration. How far down the Mississippi did he go?

9. Give an account of La Salle's explorations.

a bark on Lake Erie, and sailed through the Great Lakes as far as Green Bay. From there, La Salle, with a few companions, in a birch canoe, went up Lake Michigan to the mouth of the St. Joseph. They crossed to a branch of the Illinois River, which they went down, and then made their way back to Lake Ontario.

10. In their absence, Father Hennepin and another priest had gone down the Illinois River to the Mississippi. From here they went up the Mississippi as far as the Falls of St. Anthony.

11. In 1682, La Salle, in a barge, descended the Mississippi from the mouth of the Illinois River to the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle took possession of the country for the King of France. He named it LOUISIANA.

12. A year or two afterwards, La Salle brought a company of people from France to make a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi. The ship could not find the mouth of the river, so the party landed in Texas. This colony was a complete failure. La Salle was murdered.

13. It was just at this time, 1689, that the first war between the English and French broke out. The population of all New France at this period was about 12,000, - one twentieth of the population of the English Colonies.

14. King William's War. - In 1689 war broke out in Europe between England and France. The contest extended to the American Colonies.

15. The war was begun by the Eastern Indians, who were allies of the French. They fell upon the settlements in New

Hampshire and Maine.

They took Dover, N. H., destroyed

QUESTIONS.-10. What was done by Father Hennepin ?

11. Give an account of La Salle's voyage on the Mississippi. For whom did he take possession of the country? What was it named, and why?

12. Give an account of La Salle's colony.

13. What war broke out now? What was the population of New France at this period?

14. When did King William's War break out in Europe? It extended where? 15. Give an account of the beginning of the war in this country. Name places cap tured and destroyed by the Indians.

it, and carried many of the inhabitants prisoners to Canada. Fort Pemaquid, Maine, was also captured. Most of the inhabitants of Salmon Falls and Casco Bay, Maine, were massacred.

16. The settlements in Northern New York were next attacked by a war party of French and Indians from Montreal. Schenectady was burned. Many of the inhabitants were slain or made captives.

17. These atrocities made the colonists resolve to attack the enemy in return. A plan of campaign was made. It was resolved to send a fleet and army from Boston to attack Quebec. At the same time, nine hundred men, to be raised in Connecticut and New York, were to march against Montreal.

18. While preparing for this invasion, Massachusetts, in May, 1690, sent a fleet, under Sir William Phipps, to Acadia. The result was the easy capture of Port Royal.

19. Immediately after this, the plan of invading Canada was begun. The troops marched overland by way of the Hudson and Lake Champlain. But they got no farther than Lake Champlain. The officers quarrelled, the provisions gave out, and the expedition returned, a failure.

20. The naval part of the expedition was equally unsuccessful. The fleet found Quebec too strong to be attacked. These were the principal facts in King William's War, though for four or five years more the New England settlements suffered much from the Indians. In 1697, Haverhill, Massachusetts, was attacked, and forty persons were killed or made captive.

21. In 1697, the treaty of Ryswick [riz'wik] put an end to King William's War. It was agreed that each side was to have the same territory as before the war.

QUESTIONS.-16. What settlements were next attacked? What place was burned? What of the inhabitants?

17. What effect had these atrocities on the colonists? Describe the plan of campaign.

18. What expedition was meanwhile fitted out? State the result.

19. What was next done? Narrate the facts.

20. What as to the naval part of the expedition? What of the Indians? Name a place in Massachusetts attacked.

21. What treaty put an end to King William's War? State the agreement.