privilege. There thus arose the distinction between what are known as "organized" and "unorganized" territories. At the present time there are four Territories-Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Hawaiienjoying the former, and two territories, Indian Territory and Alaska, the latter status. The system of government of the first three is so nearly identical in character that they can be considered together. The special conditions existing in the others, however, are such as to render it advisable that each should receive separate treatment.

In each of the Territories of Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma executive power is vested in a governor appointed by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and approval of the Senate, for a term of four years. He has all of the usual powers of a chief executive: he has general charge of the enforcement of the laws, is commander-in-chief of the militia, grants pardons and reprieves, and remits fines and forfeitures for offenses against the laws of the Territory and respites for offenses against the laws of the United States until the decision of the President can be known, and commissions all officers appointed under the laws of the Territory. He also has power in respect to the approval and disapproval of legislation that will hereafter be noted.

The only other administrative officers for whom provision is made by Congress are a secretary and, in each Territory having an annual output of over one thousand tons of coal, an inspector of mines. The most important function of the secretary is to act as governor in case of the absence, disability or disqualification

of that officer. His other duties are chiefly in connection with the keeping of public records, the compilation and transmission to Congress of copies of all territorial acts, etc. The salaries of the governor and the secretary are fixed at thirty-five hundred and twentyfive hundred dollars per annum, respectively.

For the exercise of the legislative power provision is made for a legislative assembly, composed of two houses, the members of both of which are elected biennially by the qualified voters of the Territory. The upper house, or council, is composed of not more than twelve, and the lower house, or house of representatives, of not more than twenty-four members. For the purpose of electing these members the Territory is divided into twelve council and twenty-four representative districts and the requirement laid down. that each member shall be a resident of the district from which he is elected. The electoral franchise is determined in the first instance by the organic act of the Territory, so as to embrace every male citizen above the age of twenty-one, including persons who have legally declared their intention to become citizens in, and who are actual residents of, the Territory. After the first election, however, the territorial legislature may fix the franchise as it sees fit, subject only to limitations imposed by the Constitution, the usual disqualification of soldiers, sailors, etc. In the same way the legislature may determine the time, place and manner of holding the elections for these and any other elective offices. The compensation of members is fixed at four dollars per day during the sessions and mileage.

The frequency of the meetings of the legislature, the character of its organization, and the manner in which bills may become law are carefully provided for by the revised statutes of the United States. The legislature may meet in regular session only every two years and shall then continue in session not more than sixty days. Extraordinary sessions, however, may be called by the governor after the reasons for the call have been submitted to the President and have received his approval. Each house elects its own presiding officer. There are a number of provisions regarding the organization and powers of the legislature that are evidently inserted in the law in order to prevent possible extravagances. Thus, the number and compensation of all subordinate officers are carefully fixed; no expense for printing during any one session can be incurred in excess of three thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars, nor can the total expenses of any legislature exceed the amount appropriated for that purpose.

The system for the enactment of bills into laws is the same as obtains in most, if not all, of the States. Each bill before becoming law must be passed by a majority of both houses and be sent to the governor for his approval. If approved by him he must sign it; if he disapproves he must return it with a statement of his objections to the house in which it originated. If after reconsideration the bill is again passed by a two-thirds vote of both houses, it becomes a law notwithstanding the governor's disapproval and without his signature. Any bill not returned by the governor within ten days, Sundays excluded, after its presenta

tion to him becomes a law whether signed by him or not, provided the legislature has not adjourned sine die during such period of ten days.

As regards the scope of its authority, the legislature is granted the power to enact laws in respect to all rightful subjects of legislation not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States nor contravening any of the limitations contained in the organic acts of the Territory or general statutes of the United States. There has been a constantly increasing tendency on the part of Congress to add to the number of acts that may not be passed by certain or all territorial legislatures. Among the more important of these limitations now in force are those prohibiting the passage of acts interfering with the primary disposal of the soil, imposing a tax on property of the United States, taxing the property of non-residents higher than that of residents, having a special or local character in respect to any of a large number of enumerated cases, such as divorce, regulating county or township affairs, the assessment and collection of taxes, the punishment of crimes, the granting to any corporation, association or individual of any special or exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise, etc., or generally in any other case where a general law could be made applicable. No special charter to any private corporation can be granted, but a general incorporation law may be enacted. Other limitations upon the power of Territories are those prohibiting the Territories from contracting any debt except for certain purposes, and even then only to the total amount not exceeding a certain percentum of the

assessed value of property in the Territory for purposes of taxation.

Generally speaking, the Territories may take such action as they think proper relative to the organization and administration of local governments. This they may do either by general act or special acts, creating and conferring particular corporate power upon cities, towns or other municipal corporations. The most important limitation upon the power of any such local subdivision is that they may not incur indebtedness in excess of four per cent. of the assessed value of property within their boundaries. As an exception to this, however, chartered municipal corporations having a population of one thousand persons or over may issue bonds for sanitary and health purposes, the construction of sewers, waterworks, and the improvement of streets, provided that the proposition is endorsed at a special election held for that purpose by two-thirds of the voters owning real or personal property subject to taxation in the municipality. The bonds must not bear more than six per cent. interest and must be sold at par or above, and a sinking fund for their redemption must be provided.

For the administration of justice provision is made for a system of courts. Thus, in Arizona, four district courts and such inferior courts as the legislature may deem necessary are provided. The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and two associate justices, each of whom also acts as the justice of one of the district courts. They, together with the United States district attorney, who has charge of the legal interests of the United States, and the marshal, are