appointed by the President, by and with the advice. and consent of the Senate, for a term of four years. Justices of the peace must be elected by the voters of the Territory in such manner as its legislature may provide. The district courts are given the same jurisdiction in all cases coming under the Constitution and laws of the United States as is vested in the circuit and district courts of the United States. Appeals from the decisions of the district courts to the Supreme Court of the Territory may be made as provided for by territorial act and from the latter court to the Supreme Court of the United States under the same regulations as appeals from the circuit courts of the United States.

As the final feature of the scheme of territorial government, each Territory is given a measure of representation in national affairs through the right to elect every two years a delegate to the United States House of Representatives, who has a right to a seat in that body with the power to serve on committees, engage in debate and exercise all of the other functions of a representative except that of voting.

From the foregoing it will be seen that the system of government that has been provided by Congress for the existing Territories presents, in so far as many of its features are concerned, a very close approximation to that which has voluntarily been created by most of the States for their own government. Provision is made for the same political officers or bodies; there is the same separation of the executive, legislative and judicial functions; and, as regards purely internal affairs, each of these three branches has practically the

same powers as exist in the States. The only essential particulars in which the governments of the organized Territories depart from those of the States are in the manner in which they are represented in the national legislature, their possession of an appointed instead of an elected executive, the limitation of their powers to those expressly granted by Congress, and their subjection at all times to the paramount will of that body.

Hawaii. Though the Hawaiian Islands now constitute a fully organized territory of the United States and are thus subject to all of the general provisions of the law concerning other organized territories, their government and administration possess special interest on account of the manner in which they were acquired, the character of their population, and the fact that they constitute the first example of the extension of the American system of government to a distant territory inhabited by a people largely alien in blood and accustomed to totally different political institutions. Peculiar interest therefore attaches to the action here taken and to the results that have followed. These results have not in every respect been satisfactory, and this fact has undoubtedly influenced Congress in its subsequent task of framing systems of government for the territory acquired as the result of the war with Spain. The experience here gained has enabled that body to take precautions against difficulties in a number of respects. which probably would not otherwise have been fore

seen.

The Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiian Islands constitute a group of several islands in the mid-Pacific having a total area of 6,449 square miles. According to the United States Census of 1900, their total population was 154,001, or, deducting 274 persons in the military and naval service of the United States, 153,727. The latter number was made up of 61,122 Chinese, 25,742 Japanese, 29,834 Hawaiians, 7,835 part Hawaiians, 28,533 Americans, 407 South Sea Islanders, and 254 Negroes. Americans began to settle in the islands in considerable numbers in the first half of the nineteenth century, and as their numbers and interests in the islands increased the United States Government manifested a corresponding increase of interest in the progress of events there. This interest soon led to actual intervention, until in 1851 a protectorate over the islands was virtually assumed by the United States. Thus, in that year Webster, then secretary of state, in a formal communication promised that: "The Navy Department will receive instructions to place and keep the naval armament of the United States in the Pacific Ocean in such a state of strength and preparation as will be required for the preservation of the honor and dignity of the United States and the safety of the government of the Hawaiian Islands." Later, troops were landed by the United States on several occasions, notably in 1874, during the election of a new ruler, and again in 1889, to guard against threatened disorder. In 1893 a successful rebellion broke out against the reigning sovereign, the existing monarchy was overthrown and a republic established. On this occasion marines

were landed from an American war vessel in the harbor of Honolulu at the request of the American minister. The claim was then made that the success of the rebellion was to a considerable extent due to the presence of the American forces. Whatever the facts, there is apparently little doubt that the American minister was in sympathy with the movement. On his own responsibility he pledged the protection of the United States to the new government, and on February 1, 1893, raised the American flag. The commissioners sent to Washington to negotiate a treaty of annexation were favorably received, and on February 15, 1893, President Harrison sent to the Senate a treaty providing for the annexation of the islands and strongly urged its ratification. This treaty was favorably reported on February 17, but before final action could be taken Cleveland was inaugurated President, and on March 9 withdrew the treaty on the ground that an improper part had been taken by the United States in the overthrow of the monarchy. The newly constituted republic, however, was able to maintain its existence, agitation for annexation continued, and in 1897 another treaty of annexation was sent to the Senate by President McKinley, but was never acted upon. Upon the outbreak of hostilities with Spain, in 1898, the possession of these islands became of great value to the United States in the prosecution of naval operations in the East. The proposal of annexation, being again made, was accepted by Congress and the annexation itself was consummated by a joint-resolution approved July 7, 1898.

In the framing of this joint-resolution Congress fol

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lowed the same policy that it had adopted in the cases of the annexation of Louisiana and Florida by providing that: "Until Congress shall provide for the government of such islands, all of the civil, judicial and military powers exercised by the officers of the existing government in said islands shall be vested in such person or persons and shall be exercised in such manner as the President of the United States shall direct; and the President shall have power to remove said officers and fill the vacancies so occasioned." In addition it made provision for the appointment of a commission of five persons, two of whom at least should be residents of the islands, to recommend to Congress as soon as practicable a scheme for the more permanent government of the islands and such other legislation as should be necessary or proper. This commission duly reported, and on April 30, 1900, there was passed an organic act providing for the government now in force.

This act erected the islands into a fully organized Territory of the United States under the name of "Hawaii," and extended to the new Territory all of the provisions of the Constitution and laws of the United States (except where special exception was made), which were not locally inapplicable. It conferred citizenship in the United States, as well as in the Territory of Hawaii, upon all persons who were citizens of the republic of Hawaii on August 12, 1898, and Hawaiian citizenship upon all citizens of the United States who were residents of Hawaii on August 12, 1898, or who might afterwards take up their residence in the territory for one year.