characterized by party affiliations. The political aspects of the war are too well known to require discussion.

The main dependence of the country was placed upon the Volunteers. This was true of both North and South, and in each instance it was necessary to go to the draft. The cost in blood and treasure was tremendous. Out of this military chaos eventually came two splendid armies-armies, however, created at tremendous cost.

The old policy was adopted-first Militia and Volunteers, followed by the draft, bounties with their attendant evils, widespread desertion, bounty jumping, etc. Fortunately it was a struggle amongst ourselves. Had the country as a whole been attacked by a well organized nation of equal population, but with fully developed military resources, we could have looked for but one result. The lessons of all the above referred to wars point out

very clearly to what our weakness has been due, namely, first-the lack of any adequate military preparation, second-dependence upon an unsound military policy, as indicated by the maintenance of an inadequate Regular Army and dependence upon Militia and Volunteers; also failure to avail ourselves of the full military strength of the nation.

Again quoting Upton: "Any Government which foregoes its rights to compulsory military service becomes more and more enslaved by depending solely upon voluntary military service, induced by gifts of money, land and clothing."

The voluntary system failed us in the past, and will fail us in the future. It is uncertain in operation, prevents organized preparation, tends to destroy that individual sense of obligation for military service which should be found in every citi

zen, costs excessively in life and treasure,

and does not permit that condition of preparedness which must exist if we are to wage war successfully with any great power prepared for war. The question is: What shall we do to adequately prepare ourselves for war, without establishing a huge standing army or bringing about a condition which might be described as one of militarism, which term, as I use it, means the condition under which the military forces of a nation demand and secure special recognition, both socially and officially, and exercise an undue influence in the conduct of the civil affairs of the government, both at home and abroad. In other words, a condition which may described as one under which the military element dominates the nation's policy. Nothing could be more unfortunate than the establishment of such a condition in this country or elsewhere, so far as development on normal lines is concerned.

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However, a condition of thorough preparedness can be established without creating a condition of militarism. Switzerland is an illustration of this possibility. Here we have a country noted for its patriotism, distinguished for conservatism and good government, with a people noted for intelligence, industry and good conduct, yet every man who is physically fit has, with few exceptions, received a sufficient amount of military training to fit him to be an efficient soldier.

It has been accomplished in great part during his school period, and at camps of instruction during his youth, and so thorough and complete is the system that at the end of his school and other training received during this period it is only necessary to give him from two to three months intensive training in camp, according to the arm in which he is to serve, to fit him for the final discharge of his duties. The

training for officers is, of course, extended over longer periods, but all of this training is accomplished without any interference worthy of consideration with the youth's educational and industrial career. In fact, he is better physically, morally and better as a citizen, because of his training. He has learned to respect the flag of his country and to have a proper regard for the rights of others, and he has had built up in him an appreciation of his obligation to serve the country in time of war. He realizes that this is a tax on which all others depend, and on the payment of which in good faith the life of the nation itself rests.

Australia has inaugurated a somewhat similar system, having in view the same general purpose; namely, the preparation of every male who is physically fit for military duty. Our situation, of course, differs from that of Switzerland, because we must maintain at all times a standing army ade