are much more numerous than those represen-racter of each tree, whether it be clothed in or in the application made of them, in the vation. In the first part the author lets his pupil go through two courses of landscape study. The first relates particularly to the study of the sky, which fills so important a place, and acts, as it were, the first part in this kind of instruction; since in the picture, as in nature, it is from the sky that the light comes; and this light, which is the son of the picture, is subject, and readers objects and their effects subject to numberless varieties and modifications. But these varieties are reduced to four principal ones, pointed out by the four parts of the day. It is at sunrise that the author gives his first lesson. The difficulties which this moment of the day presents to the imitator, have their foundation in that species of mysterious veil which nature then assumes a veil, says the author, sufficiently transparent to let us see all her charins, but not to permit us easily to distinguish the lincaments of all her features. This moment of the day is that which is peculiarly adapted to the study of aerial perspective. The middle of the day is the time when the study of nature has the fewest real difficulties; the artist must profit by it, to catch objects as they are: if in effect, each object is then visible, without any alteration, it is then also, that it is the most easy to remark, first the innumerable varieties of forms and tints spread over all her productions, and then that harmony which blends together all her parts, even those which are the most dissimilar. This magical union is effected by means of the reflections which take place from one object to another. The middle of the day is the hour for those studies of harmony, which are among the most momentous to the landscape painter; at this hour too, he must study the clouds, their combinations, their effects, and all the accidents of light and shade rapidly succeeding each other, and forming compositions which seem the most arbitrary, and yet are nevertheless subject to general laws. The effects of evening, and those of the setting sun, seem to present fewer difficulties than those of the dawn of day. It is remarked that landscapes representing sunsets, If the first course of study in the first part of the work, seems to be confined to the space of a day, this is merely in consequence of the theoretical analysis of the subject: the second course, for the same reason, comprises the space of a year. The author proceeds to shew his pupil the model which he is to imitate, under the four aspects, which the four seasons present. But autumn will often have the preference over summer, for the richness of the tints of the foliage, and the diversity of tone spread over all nature. During this season the landscape painter must hasten his studies for each day making a remarkable change in the features of his model, he must be apprehensive that it will soon offer him only a cold and discoloured image. Thus our author comes back to the point whence he set out, to winter; which he again considers, with respect to the pictures which this season of mourning affords, but which is not so dull to the landscape painter as to the inhabitant of cities. Winter also has its charms, its green trees, its varied effects, its snows, the lustre of which is enhanced by the contrast of lighter fires. The ice also has its sports, its promenades, its diversions; and the painter does not now want either objects of observation, or subjects proper for the display of his talents. He begins, and that on good grounds, with the winter. Trees are the chief ornament of landscapes; but the study of trees has its anatomy, like that of the human body; and as the knowledge of the muscles cannot be acquired from living bodies, it is necessary, in the same manner, to study the tree in that kind of state of death to which winter seems to have reduced it, after having stripped it of the foliage, which, to the eye, gives it life; for how shall we get acquainted with the form of the great branches, and the true arrangement of the smallest boughs, when all these co-ordinate parts are concealed under the covering with which vegetation adorns them? The structure of the tree must therefore be studied in the only season when the eye can follow it, from the origin of the trunk to the summit of the highest The second part of the theory of landbranches. This winter study includes also scape is also in two sections, and this divithat of the forms and colours of the bark of sion results from the distinction which has every species of tree; and it is by a repeated been introduced into this kind of painting, series of observations, made in this season, between those compositions which seem that the landscape painter will learn to dis- to be only faithful portraits of scites existing tinguish, and to express the peculiar chain each country, of their productions, their buildings, their inhabitants, and those compositions, in which the artist transports the scene he has imagined into a country of his own creation, and which he embellishes with the most pleasing or the most noble subjects which fable or history presents. The author treats also of landscapes considered in what he calls the rural style, and what he calls the historical style. This division naturally classes in two distinct series his observations on the merits and the beauties of the two schools, which have distinguished themselves in the two styles. ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE. DUBLIN UNIVERSITY. cribed to the irregular curvature of the terrestrial meridian, or to a local attraction oc curring in some places, which diverted the plummet from its vertical direction, or to Mr. Dupin and the Quarterly Review. small faults, remaining constant for a time, A valued correspondent has drawn our in the astronomical instruments employed. work on Marine Establishments, &c. in the struments, however ingenious the contrivattention towards a notice of Mr. Dupin's Experience has proved that in all such inlast Number of the Quarterly Review (page ance and however excellent the workman57), which he considers as not remarkable ship, such slight permanent faults may occur, for urbanity; and we are convinced that if the and that they are as difficult to discover as to Reviewers had been aware of the circum- avoid. The only means to be fully secure stances of the case, they would not have in- from them appears to be to repeat the obserted Mr. Dupin's allegations without a reservations with different instruments. The proof rather than a tacit acknowledgment of judicious liberality of the King has enabled The landscapes of the Flemish and Dutch their justice. Mr. D. states in substance, Professor Schumacher to do this. The asschool belong to the first. We should here that when he, accompanied by a learned tronomical part of the English measurement accompany the author, and collect his re- doctor, visited the Library of Dublin Uniwas executed with the admirable zenith marks on the different degrees, or the va- versity, he was obliged to go on hastily sector of Ramsden, and that of the French rieties of the talents of a multitude of mas- without stopping any where, and watched with the repeating circles of Borda. The ters, who have each taken nature under as if he were suspected of a design to steal a King has borrowed the first from the English diverse aspects, and who have made their book; and this, the Reviewers observe, is Government, for the Danish measurement; pictures a kind of mirrors, in which theory sufficient to justify, in some measure, his que- the place of the latter has been more than inay sometimes cause its lessons and the rulous remarks respecting Ireland. It is with supplied by a most excellent eighteen-inch application of its precepts to be better under-pleasure we can redeem that country and the repeating circle, by Reichenbach, with an University of Dublin from the aspersions improvement in the mechanism. Here, cast upon them by the foreign traveller; for therefore, the two kinds of instruments were which purpose we trust the following expla-first used together, which in preceding meanation, in the words of our correspondent, surements had been employed singly; and will be deemed quite satisfactory. between which a comparison was first made last year, on the journey of the French astronomers to England, and by the convey stood. In the second division are the great masters of the French and Italian schools, who have found means to make their landscapes historical pictures, either by ennobling the forms of nature, or by introducing subjects of history or mythology, by adorning them with ornaments borrowed from the arts of antiquity, or by reproducing in them allegories by turns ingenious or affecting. As easy as it has been to follow the author in the didactic march of the first part of his treatise, so difficult would it be, above all in an article of a journal, to give an account of a series of observations suggested by the view of the masterpieces of great artists; observations, of which he himself more than once acknowledges, that it would be difficult to render their value palpable in a discourse; so hard is it for beauties, which address themselves to the eyes, to find equivalents which may render them sensible to the mind. In fact, this second part is only the application (demonstrated by the works) of the studies, the importance of which has been enforced, and their order prescribed, in the first part. "Mr. Dupin, though acquainted with some of the Fellows and Professors, from whom he received every attention due to a stranger and a man of letters, chose, when visiting the Libraries to be introduced by a gentleman who was totally unconnected with the University, had only taken many years since the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and who, from his professional and other avocations, had probably no knowledge of the rules which govern the Library. Had Mr. Dupin applied to the proper means for procuring access to the literary collections in Dublin, no doubt he would have felt himself bound to praise the public as liberally as he has praised the private hospitality of Ireland." ARTS AND SCIENCES. DR. OLBERS ON THE MEASUREMENT OF AN Our readers will perceive how much scope The operations for measuring an arc of the subject of this theory might afford for the meridian, which the King of Denmark descriptions, and for the abuse of that des- has ordered to be carried on in his dominions, criptive style, which so soon becomes fati-between Lunenburg and Skagen, were guing, particularly in prose. We must be obliged to the author for having avoided affectation and excess in this respect. The work recommends itself by a due measure of reason and imagination, of taste and judgment, of precepts put in action, and examples submitted to criticism. It will be agreeable to those who seek in the arts only pleasure, useful to those who desire to investigate the grounds of their enjoyments, advantageous to amateurs to enlighten their taste, necessary to artists to perfect their studies, to direct their judgment, and to enrich their imagination. ance of the zenith sector of Ramsden to on account of the gloomy weather, closed for CAMBRIDGE, Feb. 4. A new grass, unnoticed by Dr. Roxburgh, which produces a perfect silicious deposit in The late Dr. Smith's annual prizes of 251. the joints, has been discovered in the moun- each, to the two best proficients in mathetains of India, between the Circars and Nag-matics and natural philosophy among the pore. commencing Bachelors of Arts, are this year adjudged to Mr. Henry Coddington and Mr. Charles Smith Bird, of Trinity College, the first and third Wranglers. REMARKABLE DISCOVERY IN CHEMISTY.— CONVERSION OF RAGS INTO SUGAR. Croxton Johnson, Esq. Fellow Commoner of Emmanuel College, was on Friday last admitted Bachelor of Arts. A grace passed the Senate yesterday, for granting to the University of Cephalonia, (of which the Earl of Guildford is Chancellor,) a copy of all the books now in the University Press, or which have been printed at the expence of this University. ORIGINAL POETRY. [By Correspondents.] Bells toll for peasants, and we heed them not; Munich, Jan. 1820. Dr. Vogel, Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, has submitted to a careful examination in the laboratory of the Academy of Munich, the surprising discovery of Mr. Braconnot, of Nancy, of the effects of concentrated sulphuric acid on wood and linen. He has not only fully confirmed this discovery, so as to lay before the Academy an essay on the subject, and show the products resulting from the original experiments, but also extended his own experiments, with equal success, to other similar vegetable substances, such as old paper, both printed and written upon, and cut straw. By diluting the sulphuric acid with a due addition of water, sawdust, cut linen, paper, &c. were converted into gum and saccharine matter. It must excite great interest in all reflecting minds, to see an indissoluble, tasteless substance, like the filaments of wood, converted, by chemical re-action, into two new bodies, and chemistry thus exercise a power, which, but lately, appeared to belong to nature alone, and in particular to vegetation. For this artificial formation of sugar and gum, now discovered, must not be confounded with the extraction of these two substances from bodies in which they We wept-and, oh! not only wept for thee! already existed, a process which has been Survivors claim'd the bitterest of our tears; known from time immemorial. What has And we had sorrows, that were all our own; now been discovered, is a transformation, a We, who had cherish'd hopes for future years, metamorphosis, of which the most ingenious Too long indulged, too soon, alas! o'erthrown. chemist had previously no idea; and it af- But thee, the age-worn monarch of these realms, fords a new proof of the boundless extent of Thyself survivor of each dearest tie, the domain of practical chemistry. A paper we mourn not with the sorrow that o'erwhelms, upon Dr. Vogel's repetition and investiga- But with the silent tear of memory. tion of Mr. Braconnot's experiments, and It is not now the blossom in its prime, those added by himself, is promised in one Torn in fresh vigor from its parent root, of the next numbers of the Journal of Arts Scattering on vernal gales before its time, and Manufactures, published by the Bava-The golden promise of expected fruit; rian Polytechnic Society. LEARNED SOCIETIES. OXFORD, Feb. 5. On Thursday last the following Degrees were conferred:— Doctor in Medicine.-James Adey Ogle, Trinity College. Masters of Arts.-Rev. John Stedman, Pembroke College; James Hall, Wadham College; Samuel Pepys Cockerell, and William Arundell Bouverie, Fellows of Merton College; and Rev. Robert Crawford Dillon, St. Edmund Hall. Bachelors of Arts.-William Baron, Esquire, Wadham College, grand compounder; Charles Anthony Hunt, Merton College; George Parker Cleather, Exeter College; David Dundas and Thomas Lambard, Students of Christ Church; Henry Parsons, Scholar of Balliol College. smile. We cannot grieve alike o'er youth and age: suage; It is the oak, once monarch of the glade, Part when we may, 'tis parting still, at last, Farewell," is ever of a mournful sound death; But death hath now recall'd thy life once more, And the last pang, that drew thy parting breath, Seem'd to our hearts thine image to restore. Yesterday the Rev. Edward John Burrow, When shall we see, so good, so great again? We muse on all thou wert, and tears will start; M. A. of Trinity College, was admitted Ba-But wherefore ponder not on what thou art, chelor in Divinity, grand compounder. High o'er this brief abode of woe, and pain? From double darkness of the soul and eye, That mind no more spurns reason's blest con- gem Was but the splendid covering of a thorn; THE COURTING. 'Tis but the burnie's gentle flow, And sound of stirring leaves you hear. But hush'd is a' the sleeping grove. From that dear cheek so palely fair, Which glisten in the saft moonlight, Let luve, dear lassie, banish fear; His whispered faith you trembling hear. EPITAPH On a tomb-stone in the Churchyard of Torryburn, At anchor now, in death's dark road, of 1820: The medical topography of the district of Cambrai: The cloge of Lamoignon de Malesherbes (proposed in July 1818): A national ode, the subject of which is left to the choice of the candidates. The agricultural question, which was proposed in 1817, and deferred to the competition of 1818, is definitively withdrawn. The prize for each of these subjects is to be a gold medal, worth 200 francs. Dr. Bell's system of education has been established at Irkutsk in Siberia, by the Privy Counsellor Speransky, the instrument on the very day of the month stone. Singular Phenomenon.-During the night of Tuesday last, there fell, in the township of Broughton, on the south shore, so great quantity of a black powder, as completely a to cover the snow which was then on the LITERARY NOTICES. Contents of the Jurnal des Savans for Jan. 1820. C. B. Hase Leonis Diaconi Caloënsis Historia.-Reviewed by Mr. Raoul Rochette. John Gothofr. Ludov. Kosegarten De Mohanede Ebn-Batuta Tingitano, ejusque itineribns.-Mr. Silvestre de Sacy. Gaetano Cattaneo, Equejade, inonumento antico di bronzo del Museo nazionale Ungkaresc.-Mr. Raoul Rochette. Ed. Dodwell's Tour in Greece.-Mr. Letronne. Comte d'Aberdeen.-M. Letronne. R. T. H. Laennec. De l'Auscultation mediate.-M. Tessier. METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL. Thursday, 3-Thermometer from 31 to 35. Barometer from 30, 15 to 30, 17. Wind S. b. E. and E. -Clondy. Friday, 4- Thermometer from 31 to 35. ground. A small quantity of the powder For the information of our chemical readers, we are authorized to state, that the Barometer from 30, 19 to 30, 21. THE MOVING MOUNTAIN,—Accounts from Namur say, that the Moving Mountain has made terrible progress during the night from the 30th to the 31st of January. It has advanced more than six feet; the communication between that city and Dinant, Calamine. Dr. Thonison, Regius Professor noon, the rest of the day fine and clear. which is the great road to Paris, is shut up of Chemistry at Glasgow, has examined the derful GEORGE BIDDER, the boy whose wonmuch notice, has been rescued, by a publie powers in calculation have attracted so subscription at Edinburgh, from the degraded situation of a common show, and a fund Anecdote of his late Majesty.-Among the many anecdotes of his late Majesty, with raised to give him a liberal education. He which the periodical press abounds, we have is now thirteen years of age; and the pronot seen the following:-The late celebrated gress of his mind will be watched with phi Monday, 7-Thermometer from 45 to 51. Barometer from 30, 30 to 30, 31. Barometer from 30, 31 to 30, 32. Barometer from 30, 25 to 30, 11. TO CORRESPONDENTS. mathematical instrument maker, Mr. Rams-losophical care, by some of the learned The Translation from Fleury's Memoires, &c. which den, was frequently deficient in punctuality, and would delay for months, nay, for years, the delivery of instruments bespoken from him. His Majesty, who had more than once experienced this dilatory disposition, once ordered an instrument, which he made Ramsden positively promise to deliver on a certain day. The day, however, came, but not the instrument: At length Rainsden sent word to the King that it was finished; on which a message was sent him, desiring that he would bring it himself to the Palace nenbers of the university where he is placed, A new Society of Arts is projected in Edin- A visited the field of Bannockburn, so cele- F. S. censures as erroneously rendering “Ma glorie est faite à moi," as if it were prer moi," my glory is made for myself,” instead of “my own glory is established"—is not ours, but belongs to the English edition of the work. To S. N. R's two questions, we answer, 1st. that we cannot tell till we see the suppressed poem; and, 2dly, that till we see specimens of the letters, we cannot tell. C. F. is utterly mistaken; we do not even know of the existence of any “Theatrical Party." Our opinions upon the stage, as on every other subject, are impartial and unbiassed. He however answered that he would not tion, the gentlemen on leaving him, pressed Endymion, if we may judge from his poetry, is 64 said the honest man, returning the money. come, unless his Majesty would promise not One of Plato's Infants!—A Professor of Natural History, at Wetteran, reared and kept for three years a canary bird without feathers. It has been held that no bird could Miscellaneous Advertisements, (Connected with Literature and the Arts.) British Gallery, Pall Mall. BRITISH GENIUS EXEMPLIFIED in the 2 vols. 8vo. Lives of Men who, by their industry, or by scien THIS GALLERY, for the Exhibition and Sale tific Inventions, &c. have raised themselves to opulence of the Works of Modern Artists, will be opened For Gentlemen's Libraries, Reading-Rooms, &c. and distinction, and essentially promoted the welfare In an elegant Volume, 12mo, with a frontispiece price and Possession of the Holy Land. By Charles Mills, 1. Principles of the Sciences; or The Elements of Prostate Vesica Urine and Rectum, being a new Edi A CHRONOLOGICAL CHART, shewing, in Human Knowledge, in 1 neat vol. 12mo. price 4s. hds. one view, the contemporary Sovereigns of Europe, from the Norman Conquest of England to the present time, on a sheet of imperial drawing paper. Printed for B. J. Holdsworth, 18, (south-side) St. Paul's ChurchYard. BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS DAY. Handsomely printed in 4to, with Maps, &c. uniformly with Park's and Barrow's Travels, price 21 88. TRAVELS IN NUBIA and in the INTERIOR of NORTH EASTERN AFRICA. BURCKHARDT. With a Life and Portrait of the Author. Printed for John Murray, Albemarle Street. Handsomely printed in small 8vo, with Ten Plates, price 7s. 6d. a New Edition of A NEW SYSTEM of DOMESTIC COOK- 2. Principles of Elocution; or The Art of Speaking Handsomely printed, in 2 volumes. 8vo. price 11. 4s bds. New Works to be published in February and March, by MY, and adapted to the Use of Private Families. Com-ANNALS of the REIGN of GEORGE the prising also the ART of CARVING. Observations on the Management of the DAIRY, and POULTRY YARD, Instructions for HOME BREWERY, WINES, &c COOKERY for the SICK, and for the POOR; many very useful MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS, and DIRECTIONS proper to be given to SERVANTS both in Town and Country. To which is prefixed an ESSAY on DOMESTIC ECONOMY and HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT, comprising many Observations which will be found particularly useful to the Mistress of a Family. BY A LADY. "This is really one of the most practically useful books of any which we have seen on the subject. The Lady who has written it, has not studied how to form expensive articles for luxurious tables, but to combine elegance with economy, she has given her directions in a plain sensible manner, that every body can understand; and these are not confined merely to cookery, but are extended to a variety of objects in use in families; by which means the utility of the book is very much increased indeed." Printed for John Murray, Albemarle Street; sold also by every other Bookseller in England, Scotland, and Ireland, of whom may be had, lately published, THE NEW FAMILY RECEIPT BOOK, a New HEDIN: or the SPECTRE of the TOMB. A TRAVELS through HOLLAND, GERMANY, Statistical Account of Scotland. Price 11. 4s. boards. A GEOGRAPHICAL and STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION of SCOTLAND. By JAMES PLAYFAIR, D. D. F. R. S. and F. A. S. E. Principal of the United College of St. Andrew's, and Historiographer to his Royal Highness the Prince Regent. Printed for Archibald Constable and Co. Edinburgh, and Hurst, Robinson, and Co. Cheapside, London. **The above work contains a general Description of Scotland, its Climate, Mountains, Lakes, Rivers, Products, Population, Manufactures, Commerce, Religion, Literature, Government, Revenue, &c.; a Description of every County; its Extent, Soil, Products, Minerals, Antiquities, Seats, &c. each parish being scparately described, and the whole illustrated by appiopriate Statistical Tables. THIRD. By John Aikin, M. D. 2 vols. 8vo. Second edition, brought down to the period of his Majesty's Decease. MEMOIRS of JOHN DUKE of MARLBOROUGH; A TALE of PARAGUAY. By. Robert Southey, Esq. *** This Publication, together with Peter Bell the Poems.. The MONASTERY; a Romance. By the author of The HISTORY of the ANGLO-SAXONS, from their Testament, and Translations of Sacred Songs, with BIBLICAL CRITICISM on the Books of the Old The LIVES of BRITISH STATESMEN, By John Macdiarmid, Esq. Containing the Lives of Sir Thomas More; Cecil, Lord Burleigh; Wentworth, Earl of Strafford; and Hyde, Earl of Clarendon. In 2 vols 8vo. a new Edition, embellished with portraits. An Account of the various Modes of SHOEING HORSES, employed by different Nations. More particularly a Comparison between the English and French methods. With Observations on the Discases on the Feet, connected with Shoeing, By Joseph Goodwin, Veterinary Surgeon to his Majesty. In 8vo. illustrated by plates. SUBSTANCE of the SPEECHES of Sir JAMES/ MACKINTOSH, on moving for the appointment of a Committee, to consider so much of the Criminal Law as relates to Capital Punishment, on the 2d of March, 1819; and on bringing up the Report of that. The FUDGE FAMILY in ITALY. By the author Committee, on the 6th of July, 1819, of the Fudge Family in Paris. An HISTORICAL and STATISTICAL ACCOUNT of the Principalities of WALLACHIA and MOLDAVIA, including various political Observations relating to them. By William Wilkinson, Esq. late his Britannic Majesty's Consul to the above-mentioned Principalities. MEMOIRS of the Life and Writings of LOUIS DE CAMOENS. By John Adamson, Esq. In 2 vols. 8vo. with 9 Engravings. TRAVELS in various COUNTRIES of the EAST; M. A. With Remarks on the Natural History, Anti- An ACCOUNT of TIMBUCTOO and HOUSA, Ter- MEMOIRS of the LIFE of JOHN WESLEY, the TALES of the HEART. By Mrs. Opie. In 3 vols. DOMESTIC SCENES. A Novel. In 3 vols. 12mo. A GENERAL HISTORY of the County of YORK, By Thomas Dunham Whitaker, LL. D. F. S. A. F. R. S.. Part 3. Richmondshire. The MYSTERY; or Forty Years Ago, A Novel. In 3 Volumes. This Novel is not wholly fictitious. It will be found to contain some curious particulars respecting the interesting Explorer of Africa, Major Houghton; toge», ther with the most remarkable incidents of a journey performed in that quarter of the globe "Forty Years Ago." HISTORICAL ACCOUNT of DISCOVERIES and TRAVELS in ASIA. By Hugh Murray, F. R. S. E. Author of Historical Account of Discoveries in Africa. In 3 vols. 8vo. ANNALS of ORIENTAL LITERATURE. To be published Quarterly, the first Number to appear on the First of April. The object is to afford the Student in Oriental Languages a ready opportunity of giving and receiving such information, as he must find it convenient to obtain, and may be willing to communicate. BIBLIOTHECA BRITANNICA ; or a General Index to the Literature of Great Britain and Ireland, Ancient and Modern, with such Foreign Works as have been translated into English, or printed in the British Do minions; including also a copious Selection from the Writings of the most celebrated Authors of all ages and nations. By Robert Watt, M. D. Part IV. A GEOLOGICAL MAP of ENGLAND, accompanied by a Memoir; to which is added, an alphabetical Index to the Hills, and a List of the Hills, arranged according to Counties. By G. B. Greenough, Esq. F. R. S. The HISTORY of the CRUSADES, for the Recovery | F. L. S. President of the Geological Society. |