the latter was surprised, and made prisoner, with a number of his men. He afterwards compelled the government to make him redress: and ever since Mocha has continued the chief emporium of this part of the world. The Dutch first established a factory there: they were followed by the French in 1708, and soon after by the English. We had nearly monopolised the small but steady trade carrying on till 1803, when the Americans became formidable rivals in the coffee trade; and soon took off the largest quantity. We believe this was the case down to the late period of the opening of the East India trade.

The country around Mocha is a dreary plain bounded by mountains, and consisting entirely of arid sand. Around the town, indeed, date trees appear in considerable numbers; but their stunted growth shows the poverty of the soil. The climate is intensely hot. The south-east wind blows bere for eight months in the year over the burning sands of the interior, and, for the other four months, a north-west wind which has passed over the sands of Arabia. The appearance of the town and its three chief minarets from the sea is

handsome; all its buildings are white washed, and the dead line of the flat roofs is agreeably broken by several noble tombs. On entering the place, the filth of the streets and open spaces is sufficiently disgusting: the houses are found to be built of unburnt bricks, with little lime; and hence, if a house be awhile neglected, it becomes a heap of rubbish and mud. The dola's residence is large and lofty, having one front to the sea, and another to a square. Another side is filled up by the residence of the secretary of state, and by an extensive serai built by the The best houses are facing the sea. They have turreted tops, with ornaments in white stucco. The windows are small, and the upper ones usually circular, formed by thin strata of a transparent stone found in the neighbourhood. The interior is ill contrived, the passages being long and narrow, and the stair-cases steep. The lower ranks live in wicker huts, covered in the inside with mats, and on the outside with a little clay thatched.

Turks.

The town of Mocha is supposed by lord Valentia to contain about 5000 inhabitants, and is enclosed by a wall about sixteen feet high extending for about half a mile, in nearly a straight line facing the sea. It is too thin every where to resist a cannon shot, or to bear the firing of cannon upon it; while the forts towards the sea would be levelled to the ground by a single broadside from a man of war. They chiefly serve to exclude the Wahabees, whose only mode of reducing a town is to storm it by cavalry. The garrison consists of about 200 musqueteers, and eighty horse. The staple of Mocha is coffee, of which this part of Arabia has the most excellent in the world. It is here a small shrub, rising to the height of sixteen or eighteen feet, and having leaves about five inches long and two broad. The fruit grows in clusters, and is gathered when of a deep red. Before 1803 nearly the whole quantity was conveyed from Mocha to Jidda, whence it was conveyed to Alexandria, Constantinople, and Europe. The quantity then sent to Jidda is estimated by lord Valentia at 16,000 bales of

305 lbs. each, making 4,880,000 lbs. In 1803, when the Americans began to export it on a great scale, the competition raised the price from thirty-six or forty to fifty dollars per bale. In the following years, 8000 bales were exported by the Americans, and 2000 by the British.

At Mocha are also obtained gum arabic, myrrh, and frankincense (brought from the opposite coast of Berbera in Africa); balm of Gilead or of Mecca, a resinous juice much used in the east as a cosmetic; senna; sharks' fins; rhinoceros' horns and hides; acacia; and civet. The imports from Bombay, chiefly in grain and piece goods, are of very considerable amount. From 1802 to 1806 inclusive they were as follows:

or about £914,998 sterling. The returns are al most entirely in money or bullion.

About 250 Banians or Gentoo merchants, who are subject to great oppression, carry on this trade: they do not venture to bring their families thither; but their profits are great: and it is considered more eligible to treat with them than with the Moors or Turks. The English pay a duty of three per cent. on the business done; but other foreigners five. A three masted vessel must pay, on its arrival, duty to the amount of 384 dollars. Those with two masts half. This however is not paid, unless something be sold. Presents are also necessary for permission to land. Long. 43° 20′ E., lat. 13° 20' N.

MOCHA, an uninhabited island on the coast of Chili, upwards of sixty miles in circumference. It is very fertile, and was formerly settled by the Spaniards: at present it is frequented by the whalers of the United States and England, who: begin fishing here, as it is well supplied with wild hogs. Lat. 38° 40' S.

MOCHO STONE, n. s. From Mocha, and therefore more properly Mocha-stone.

Mocho-stones are related to the agat, of a clear horny grey, with declinations representing mosses, shrubs, and branches, black, brown, red, in the sub

stance of the stone.

MOCK, v. a., v. n., n. s., & adj.
MOCK'ABLE, adj.

MOCK'ER, n. s.
MOCK ERY, n. s.
MOCK'ING-BIRD, N. s.
MOCK'INGLY, adv.

Woodward.

Fr. moc

quer; Wel.

moccio; Gr.

μωκάω. Το imitate

in derision; to

mimic; ridicule: hence to deceive by false appearances or pretensions; delude; tantalise : as a neuter verb, to make contemptuous sport: as a substantive it signifies ridicule; contempt; sneer; gibe; mimicry: mockable is exposed or liable to derision: mocker, one who practises it; a scorner; scoffer: mockery, derision; scorn; insulting imitation or merriment; vain attempt, or show: mocking-bird, a species of parrot, renarkable for imitating other birds: mockingly, contemptuously; insultingly; delusively.

I long, till Edward fall by war's mischance, For mocking marriage with a dame of France. Id. Those that are good manners at the court, are as ridiculous in the country, as the behaviour of the country is most mockable at court. Id.

Our very priests must beco ne mockers, if they shall encounter such ridiculous subjects as you. Id. To have done, is to hang quite out of fashion, Like rusty mail in monumental mockery.

Id.

Now reach a strain, my lute, Above her mock, or be for ever mute. Crashaw. At first every man thinks his fellow mocks him; but now, perceiving this serious confusion, their only answer was silence, and ceasing. Bp. Hall. He will not

Mock us with his blest sight, then snatch him hence, Soon shall we see our hope return. Milton.

What shall be the portion of those who have affronted God, derided his word, and made a mock of every thing that is sacred?

Tillotson.

The mock astrologer, El astrologo fingido.

Dryden. That superior greatness and mock majesty, which is ascribed to the prince of fallen angels, is admirably preserved. Spectator. Let them have a care how they intrude upon so great and holy an ordinance, in which God is so seldom mocked but it is to the mocker's confusion.

South's Sermons. Heaven's fuller influence mocks our dazzled sight, Too great its brightness, and too strong its light. Prior.

Colin makes mock at all her piteous smart, A lass that Cicely hight, had won his heart.

Gay.

What though no friends in sable weeds appear, Grieve for an hour, perhaps, then mourn a year, And bear about the mockery of woe To midnight dances.

Pope's Miscellanies. Why should publick mockery in print be a better test of truth than severe railing sarcasms? Watts.

Grace at meals is now generally so performed, as to look more like a mockery upon devotion, than any solemn application of the mind unto God. Law.

MOCKEL, adj. The same with mickle. See MICKLE. It is variously written mickle, mickel, mochil, mochel, muckle. Much; many.

The body bigg, and mightily pight, Thoroughly rooted, and wond'rous height, Whilom had been the king of the field, And mockell mast to the husband did yield.

Spenser.

MOCWANPOOR, a district of Northern Hindostan, situated between 27° and 28° of N. lat., and bounded to the south by the districts of Bettiah and Tirhoot in Bahar. The fertile. valley of this name is of no great extent, not stretching further to the eastward than six or seven miles, and terminating near Nagdeo on the Hettowrah side. It yields abundance and great variety of rice, and the cultivators enjoy considerable immunities from the Nepaul government, to which the district belongs. The ancient rajah was deposed by the Goorkhalies.

The

MOCWANPOOR, a town in Northern Hindostan, the capital of the district of the same name, stands in lat. 27° 28′ N., long. 85° 18′ E. hill fort is distinguishable by the naked eye from the banks of the Kurrah, and is a place of strength. When the Nepaulese were pressed by the Chinese, the regent and some of the principal chiefs despatched a great part of their valuable property to this fort; and in 1762 Cossim Ali's general, Goorgeen Khan, made an attempt on it, but did not succeed. MODE, n. s. Fr. mode, modale; Ital. MO'DAL, adj. modo; Lat. modus, modalis. MODALITY, n. s.) Form; fashion; custom; manner; way; outward variety; degree; gradation; state as to outward things: modal is relating to the form or manner, as distinct from the essence of a subject or thing: modality, external or accidental difference.

When we speak of faculties of the soul, we assert not with the schools their real distinction from it, but only a modal diversity. Glanville.

The duty itself being resolved upon, the mode of Taylor's Guide. doing it may easily be found.

There are certain garbs and modes of speaking which vary with the times; the fashion of our clothes. being not more subject to alteration than that of our speech.

Our Saviour beheld
A table richly spread, in regal mode,
With dishes piled.

Denham.

Milton's Paradise Regained. They were invited from all parts; and the favour of learning was the humour and mode of the age. Temple.

The motions of the mouth by which the voice is discriminated, are the natural elements of speech; and the application of them in their several compositions, or words made of them, to signify things, or the modalities of things, and so to serve for commuHolder. nication of notions, is artificial.

We are to prefer the blessings of Providence before the splended curiosities of mode and imagination. L'Estrange.

As we see on coins the different faces of persons, we see too their different habits and dresses, according to the mode that prevailed. Addison on Medals.

What modes of sight betwixt each wide extreme, The mole's dim curtain, and the lynx's beam; Of smell, the headlong lioness between, And hound sagacious on the tainted green. Pope. If faith itself has diff'rent dresses worn, What wonder modes in wit should take their turn? Id..

In wearing others follies than your own. Young. MODE, or MOOD, in GRAMMAR, See that article.

MODE, in metaphysics, seems properly to denote the manner of a thing's existence: but Mr. Locke uses the word in a sense somewhat different from its ordinary signification. Such complex ideas, which, however compounded, contain not in them the supposition of subsisting by themselves, but are considered as dependencies on, or affections of substances,' he calls modes. Of these there are two sorts; First, those which are only variations, or different combinations of the same simple idea, without the mixture of any other, as a dozen or a score; which are nothing but the ideas of so many distinct units added together: these he calls simple modes. Secondly: There are others compounded of simple ideas of several kinds put together to make one complex one; v. g. beauty, consisting of a certain composition of color and figure, causing delight in the beholder: theft, which being the concealed change of the possession of any thing without the consent of the proprietor, contains, as is visible, a combination of several ideas of several kinds; and these he calls mixed modes.

MODE, in music, a regular disposition of the air and accompaniments relative to certain principal sounds upon which a piece of music is formed, and which are called the essential sounds of the mode. There is this difference between the mode and the tone, that the latter only determines the principal sound, and indicates the place which is most proper to be occupied by that system which ought to constitute the bass of the air; whereas the former regulates the thirds, and modifies the whole scale agreeably to its fundamental sounds. Our modes are not, like those of the ancients, characterised by any sentiment which they tend to excite, but result from our system of harmony alone. The sounds essential to the mode are three, and form together one perfect chord. 1. The tonic or key, which is the fundamental note both of the tone and of the mode: See TONE and TONIC. 2. The dominant, which is a fifth from the tonic. 3. The mediant which properly constitutes the mode, and which is a third from the same tonic. As this third may be of two kinds, there are of consequence two different modes. When the mediant forms a greater third with the tonic the mode is major; when the third is lesser, it is minor. The major mode is immediately generated by the resonance of sounding bodies, which exhibit the third major of the fundamental sound; but the minor mode is not the product of nature; it is only found by analogy and inversion. This is equally true upon the system of Sig. Tartini as upon that of M. Rameau. This last author has

explained the origin of this minor mode in different ways, of which his interpreter M. d'Alembert was satisfied with none. For this reason he has founded this origin on a different principle. See MUSIC. When the mode is once deter

mined, every note in the scale assumes a mean expressive of its relation to the fundamental sound, and peculiar to the place which it occupies in that particular mode. We subjoin the names of all the notes significant of their relative values and places in each particular mode, taking the octave at ut as an example of the major mode, and of la as an example of the minor.

Major, ut re mi fa sol la si ut Minor, la si ut

re mi fa

sol la

When the seventh note is only a semitone distant from the highest in the octave, i. e. when it forms a third major with the dominant, as si natural in the major mode, or sol sharp in the minor, that seventh sound is then called a sensible note, because it discovers the tonic and reders the tone appreciable. Nor does each gradation only assume that name which is suitable to it; but the nature of each interval is determined according to its relation to the mode. The rules established for this are as follows: 1. The second note must form a second major above the tonic, the fourth note and the dominant should form a fourth and fifth exactly true; and this equally in both modes. 2. In the major mode, the mediant or third, the sixth and the seventh from the tonic, should always be major; for by this the mode is characterised. For the same reason these three intervals ought always to be minor in the minor mode; nevertheless, as it is necessary that the sensible note should likewise there be perceived, which cannot be effectuated without a false relation whilst the sixth note still remains minor; this occasions exceptions, of which, in the course of the air or harmony, care must be taken. But it is always necessary that the cleff, with its transpositions, should preserve all the intervals, as determined with relation to the tonic according to the species of the mode. (See Cleff, in Rousseau's Musical Dictionary.) As all the natural chords in the octave of ut give, with relation to that tonic, all the intervals prescribed for the major mode, and as the case is the same with the octave of la for the minor mode, the preceding example may serve as a formula for the rule of the intervals in each mode. This rule has its source in the generation of harmony. If you give a perfect major chord to the tonic, to the dominant, and the sub-dominant, you will have all the sounds of the diatonic scale for the major mode; to obtain that of the minor, leaving still its third major to the dominant, give a third minor to the two other chords. Such is the analogy of the mode. There are properly only two modes; but there are twelve different sounds in

the octave which may be made fundamental sounds, and of consequence form as many keys or tones; and, as each of these tones is susceptible of the major or minor mode, music may be composed in twenty-four modes. Nay, in the manner of writing music, there are even thirtyfour possible modes; but in practice ten are excluded; which, when thoroughly examined, are nothing but a repetition of the other ten, under relations much more difficult, in which all the chords must change their names, and where it must cost any one some trouble to know what he is about. Such is the major mode upon a note raised above its natural pitch by a semitone, and the minor mode upon a note depressed by a semitone. The composer does not always continue in the same mode, nor in the same key, in which he has begun an air; but, whether to alter the expression or introduce variety, modes and keys are frequently changed, according to the analogy of harmony; yet always returning to those which have been first heard; this is called modulation. Thence arises a new division of modes into such as are principal and such as are relative; the principal is that in which the piece begins and ends; the relative modes are such as the composer interweaves with the principal in the flow of the harmony. Others have proposed a third species, which they call a mixed mode, because it participates the modulation of both the others, or rather because it is composed of them; a mixture which they did not reckon an inconveniency, but rather an advantage, as it increases the variety and gives the composer a greater latitude both in air and harmony. This new mode, not being found by the analysis of the three chords, like the two former, is not determined, like them, by harmonies essential to the mode, but by an entire scale which is peculiar to itself, as well in rising as descending; so that, in the two modes above-mentioned, the scale is investigated by the chords, and in this mixed mode the chords are investigated by the scale. The following notes exhibit the form of this scale in succession, as well rising as descending, mi fa sol la si ut re mi. Of which the essential difference is, as to the melody, in the position of the two semitones; of which the first is found between the first and the second note, and the last between the fifth and sixth; and, with respect to the harmony, the difference consists in this, that upon its tonic it carries a third minor in the beginning, and major in ending, in the accompaniment of this scale, as well in rising as descending.

MOD'ELLER, n. s.

MOD'EL, n. s. & v. a.) Fr. modele, modeler; Lat. modulus. Outward representation; pattern; mould; representation: to model is to shape after a pattern; mould; form: a modeller, one who plans, contrives, or shapes the outward forms of things.

A fault it would be if some king should build his mansion-house by the model of Solomon's palace. Hooker.

I'll draw the form and model of our battle; Limit each leader to his several charge, And part in just proportion our small strength. Shakspeare.

Id.

England! model to thy inward greatness, Like little body with a mighty heart. intent to reform to their models what they call reliThey cannot see sin in those means they use, with gion. King Charles.

When they come to model heaven, And calculate the stars, how they will wield The mighty frame. Milton's Paradise Lost.

Our great modellers of gardens have their magazines of plants to dispose of. Spectator. You have the models of several ancient temples, though the temples and the gods are perished.

Addison.

The government is modelled after the same manner with that of the Cantons, as much as so small a com munity can imitate those of so large an extent. Id. on Italy.

As he who presumes steps into the throne of God, so he that despairs measures providence by his own little contracted model. South.

People seldom improve when they have no other model but themselves to copy after. Goldsmith.

MODEL is particularly used in building, for an artificial pattern made of wood, stone, plaster, or other matter, with all its parts and proportions, for the better conducting and executing some great work, and to give an idea of the effect it will have in large. In all great buildings, it is much the surest way to make a model in relievo, and not to trust to a bare design or draught. There are also models for the building of ships, &c., and for extraordinary staircases, &c. They also use models in painting and sculpture; whence, in the academies, they give the term model to a naked man, disposed in several postures, to afford an opportunity to the scholars to design him in various views and attitudes.

Models, in imitation of any natural or artificial substance, are most usually made by means of moulds composed of plaster of Paris. For the purpose of making these moulds, this kind of plaster is much more fit than any other substance, on account of the power it has of absorbing water, and soon condensing into a hard substance, even after it has been rendered so thin as to be of the consistence of cream. This happens in a shorter or longer time as the plaster is of a better or worse quality; and its good or bad properties depend very much upon its age, to which, therefore, particular regaid ought to be had. It is sold in the shops at very different prices; the finest being made use of for casts, and the middling sorts for moulds. It may be very easily colored by almost any kind of powder excepting what contains an alkaline salt; for this and render it useless. A very considerable quanwould chemically decompose the substance of it, tity of chalk would also render it soft and useless, but lime hardens it to a great degree. The addition of common size will likewise render it much harder than if mere water is made use of. In making either moulds or models, however, the mixture must not be made too thick at first; for if this is done, and more water added to thin it, the composition must always prove brittle and of a bad quality. The particular manner of making models, or casts, as they are called, de