Albuquerque, Affonzo de, Portuguese Vice- roy of India, 695
Antonio de, Governor of the Rio, 679 Aldrovandus, Ulysses, naturalist, 736; 738 Aldus Manutius, Venetian printer, 508 Alessandria, French garrison at, 415 Alet, canonry at, 85
Alexander VII (Fabio Chigi), Pope, 76; 84 VIII (Pietro Ottoboni), Pope, 58 Alexandroff, Ivan IV at, 491 Alexis, Tsar, 343 sq.; 503; the reign of, 504 sq.; and the Patriarch Nikon, 506 sq.; and ecclesiastical reforms, 508 sq.; 514; the Code of, 515; 516; character of, 516 sq.; 518
Tsarevich, son of Peter the Great, 536 sqq.; death of, 542; 547 Alfonso VI, King of Portugal, 34; 105 Algiers, French fleet sent to, 53 Ali Pasha, Grand Vezir, 604; 606 Alicante, 376; capture of, 426
Alkmaar, and the Act of Seclusion, 143 Allardin, minister at Emden, 757 Allen, Sir Thomas, naval commander, 108; 180; 186; 190
Almanza, battle of, 419
Almeida, Francisco de, Portuguese Viceroy of India, 695
Almenara, victory of Starhemberg at, 428 Alsace, taken by the French, 44; 47 sq.; Louis XIV and, 165; 338; 413; 416; 420; 423; 425; French troops in, 431; the Peace of Ryswyk and, 453 Alt-Breisach, ceded by France, 436; 454 Altona, 579; Swedish sack of, 609; 612; 756 Altranstädt, 417; Charles XII at, 597
Amboina, massacre of, 138, 697 Amegial, battle of, 34, 105 America, England and France in, 57, 438; English and Dutch claims in, 108
North, and the Anglo-French treaty, 442; French colonisation in, 648 sq.; English colonisation in, 685 sq.; 694 59
America, South, 107; Portuguese in, 372, 674 sqq.; Spanish colonisation in, 680 sqq.; 693
Spanish, slave-trade to, 403, 445, 455 See Caumartin
Amiens, Bishop of.
Peace of (1802), 444 Ampringen, Caspar von, Governor of Hungary, 352 sq.; 357
Amsterdam, 43; 164 sq.; 199; Bank of, 266 sqq.; 270; 420; Peter the Great in, 525, 612; Russian printing at, 529; Treaty of (1717), 613
Amu Daria river, Russian expedition to, 544
Anastasia Romanova, Tsaritsa, 495
Andalusia, evacuated by the French, 416 Andover, James II at, 247 Andrusovo, Treaty of, 505
Angola, Brandenburg trade with, 647 Anguilla, colonised by the English, 687 Anhalt, House of, 618
Anjou, customs of, 13
Duke of. See Philip V, King of
Anne, Empress of Russia, 550; 556 sq.
Queen of England, party govern- ment under, Chap. XV; 63; 211; mar- riage of, 230; 247; 262; and the Act of Settlement, 275; and the Union, 297 sqq.; and the peace negotiations, 417, 430; and Marlborough, 428; 429; 441; 451; ill- ness and death of, 459 sq., 610 Tsesarevna. See Holstein-Gottorp, Anne, Duchess of
of Austria, Queen of France, 72; 376 sq.
Ansbach, re-united to Baireuth, 622 Antigua captured by the French, 110; 687 Antrim, Alexander Macdonnell, third Earl of, 307
Antwerp, 199; 407; 457; surrenders to Marlborough, 416; 458 sq.
Apaffy, Michael, Prince of Transylvania. See Transylvania
Apraksin, Fedor Matveievitch, Russian admiral, 601 sq.; 613
Aragon, 419; invaded by the Allies, 428 Aral, Sea of, Russian expedition to, 544 Aranjuez, the Spanish Court at, 376; 391 Arbuthnot, John, English writer, 70 Archangel, 531; leather exports from, 534 Archimedes, 707 sq.
Ardee, James II retires to, 313 Arenberg, merchandise tolls of, 547 Argyll, John Campbell, second Duke and eleventh Earl of, 298; 476
Archibald Campbell, ninth Earl of, 229; 232; and the Scottish Test Act, 287; 289
Archibald Campbell, Marquis of, 282; 289 Aristotle, 707 sq.; 712; 736
Arleux, fort at, taken by Marlborough, 431 Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of, 100;
113; 152 sq.; 198; and the Triple Alli- ance, 200; signs the Treaty of Dover, 204; 205; created Earl, 207; 208 sq.; and the Test Act, 210; and the Prince of Orange, 213 sq. Armada, Spanish, 326
Armella, Nicole, French mystic, 762 Armenia, the crown of, 660
Armfelt, Karl Gustaf, Baron von, Swedish general, 609
Arnauld, Angélique, Abbess of Port- Royal, 83
Antoine, and Cartesianism, 73; 83 sq.; exile and death of, 89 Arndt, Johann, theologian, 758 sq. Arnold, Gottfried, historian, 760 sqq. Arquien, Henri de Lagrange, Marquis de, 356; 360
Mary de. See Mary d'Arquien, Queen of Poland
Artois, Estates of, 4
Arundel, Henry, Lord Arundel of Wardour, 202; 204; 220
Aschersleben, castle of, 618 Aselli, Gaspar, anatomist, 727 Ashley, Lord. See Shaftesbury, Earl of Asia, Russian policy in, 544 sq. Asiento, the, secured for French traders,
403; England and, 445; 455; 684 Assche, Marlborough at, 420 Astrabad, ceded to Russia, 545 Astrakhan, annexed to Russia, 479; 494; revolt at, 531; 544
Ath, restored to Spain, 45, 63; 416 Athens, captured by the Venetians, 365 Athlone, besieged, 315; 317 sq.
Godert de Ginkel, first Earl of, in Ireland, 316 sqq.; takes Limerick, 319 Athos, Mount, 507 sq.
Atkins, Governor of Barbados, 690 Aubigné, Theodore-Agrippa de, 20 Audijos, leader of the rising in Gascony, 9 Auersperg, Johann Weichard, Prince von, Austrian statesman, 349; 352 Aughrim, battle of, 261, 318 Augsburg, Bavaria and, 52; 408; 410
Alliance (1686), 35, 52 sq., 235, 654 Religious Peace of, 627 Augustine, St, the Jansenists and, 82; 755 Augustus II, King of Poland (Frederick Augustus, Elector of Saxony), 369 sqq.; 417; 438; and Peter the Great, 526;555; and Denmark, 580 sq.; and Patkul, 586, 595; joins the league against Sweden (1699), 580, 587; and the great Northern War, 587 sqq.; Charles XII and, 589, 592; deposed, 593; treaty of, with Sweden (1706), 595; and the Emperor Joseph, 596; and the second anti-Swedish league (1709), 602; 603 sq.; 606 sq.; 660; and Frederick I of Prussia, 666; 743 Aungier, Gerald, in India, 698 Aunis, the, customs of, 13 Aurangzeb, Emperor of Hindustan, 697 sqq.; 701
Austria (see also Leopold I, Emperor; Joseph I, Emperor; Charles VI, Em- peror), Chap. XII; war of, with Turkey, 36, 49; assists United Provinces against France, 161; and the Spanish Succes- sion, 377, 381, 384 sq., 387 sq., 391, 664; and the Grand Alliance (1701), 398 sq.; and France, 404, 408; 435; league of, with Russia, 551, 555; 610 Autre Église, and battle of Ramillies, 415 sq. Avaux, Jean-Antoine de Mesmes, Count de, French ambassador at the Hague, 165 sq., 244, 397; in Ireland, 307 sq., 312, 314; 417; in Sweden, 566, 585 Avesnes, acquired by France, 33 Avignon, city of, 449
Avvakum, Russian ecclesiastic, 509; 524 Ayr, and the Treaty of Union, 299 Ayrshire, recusants in, 283 sq.; 285 Ayscue, Sir George, English admiral, 184 Azoff, conquered by Peter the Great, 370; 371, 521 sq.; 503; 520; ceded to Russia, 527; 531; 545; 603 sq.; abandoned by Russia, 606; 677
Sea of, Russian fleet in, 527, 605
Bacon, Francis, Viscount St Albans, 716; 724 sq.
Baden, invaded by the French, 57; 418; Peace of, 436, 450, 454 sq. Baden-Baden, Lewis William, Margrave of, 61; 341; 366; commander of the Imperial Army, 368; 369; and the Spanish Succession, 401; Rhine cam- paign of (1702), 406; at Stolhofen, 407; 408; joins Marlborough, 409; besieges Ingolstadt, 410; 414; 416; 437; 452; death of, 418
Bahamas, piracy in the, 691
Bahia, growth of importance of, 676; 677
Bailleul, ceded to France, 45 Baireuth, and Ansbach, 622
Baius, Michael, professor at Louvain, 82 Bakchi-serai, Treaty of, 506 Baker, Major, at Dromore, 307 Baku, ceded to Russia, 545
Balaguer, captured by Starhemberg, 426 Baldo, Monte, Prince Eugene crosses, 402 Ballenstädt, House of, 618
Ballymore, captured by Ginkel, 317 Ballyneety, Sarsfield at, 316
Baltaji Mehemet, Grand Vezir, 604 sqq. Baltic Sea, the struggle for supremacy in, 146 sq.; Russia and, 343, 494, 520; Po- land and, 344; Peter the Great and, 526, 528; English fleet in, 551, 611; Sweden and, 562 sq., 607; 615; 634; 638 Balzac, Jean-Louis-Guez, Seigneur de, French writer, 70
Bank of England, establishment of, 267 sq.; 270
Bankaert, Adrian van, Dutch naval com- mander, 195 sq.
Bankhem, Jan van, and the murder of the de Witts, 159
Bantam, English factory at, 697 Bar, ceded to France, 33
Barbados, 110; de Ruyter at, 179; 284; 286 sq.; English government in, 689 sq. Barbarossa. See Frederick I, Emperor Barbary corsairs, 179
Barcelona, 61; taken by the French, 62; 413; by Peterborough, 416; 432; siege of (1713), 446
Barczai, Achatius, Prince of Transylvania. See Transylvania
Barillon, Paul, Marquis de Branges, French ambassador in England, 219; 222; 227; and James II, 231 sq., 235, 247 Barneveldt, Johan van Olden. See Olden- barneveldt
Barrier Treaties, 424; 439 sq.; 448; 456 sqq. Bart, Jean, French seaman, 59; 162 Bartholdi, Friedrich Christian von, Bran- denburg Minister at Vienna, 664 Basil II, Emperor of the East, 483 Bassewitz, Henning Friedrich von, Hol- stein Minister, 609 Báthory, Sophia, 352
- Stephen, King of Poland. See Stephen Baturin, destruction of, 600 Bauer, George (Georgius Agricola), 738 Bauhin, Jean, naturalist, 734 Bausch, Johann Lorenz, and the Academia naturae curiosorum, 741
Bavaria, alliance of, with France, 42, 47, 404; 407; and the Spanish Netherlands, 447; 451
Charles Albert, Elector of (after- wards Charles VII, Emperor), 407; 451
Ferdinand Maria, Elector of, 41; 47 Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of, and the Spanish Succession, 377, 382, 384 sq.; death of, 385; 386 sqq. ; 659 ; 664
Maria Antonia, Electress of, 52; 377 Maximilian Emanuel, Elector of, 52 sq.; 359; 366 sq.; commander of the Imperial army, 368; marriage of, 377; and the Spanish Succession, 384, 386, 388; alliance of, with France, 404, 406 sqq.; at Donauwörth, 409; at Blen- heim, 410; 411; restoration of, 436; 438; 447; 450; 452; and the Peace of Baden, 455
Baxter, Richard, presbyterian divine, 96; at the Savoy Conference, 97; 100; 201; imprisoned, 231; 238; and Cromwell, 328; 329 sq.; 332; and James II, 335 Beachy Head, battle of, 59; 258; 261; 263; 315
Beard, John, and the East India Company,
Béarn, persecution of Protestants in, 24 Beaufort, François de Vendôme, Duc de, French admiral, 182 sq.; 187 Beaujolais, the, customs of, 13 Beaune, Florimond de, 711 Beausse, de, in Madagascar, 703
Becher, Johann Joachim, chemist, 731 Bedloe, William, and Titus Oates, 222; 334 Behn, Aphra, 129; 136
Bekbulatovich, Simeon, of Kazan, 492; 497 Belfast, taken by Schomberg, 312
Belgium, France and, 58; the Grand Alliance (1701) and, 398; and the Barrier Treaty, 424
Belgrade, taken by the Emperor, 56, 368; recaptured by the Turks, 61, 369; 346; 359; Kara Mustafa at, 363 sq.; 367; 370 Belize river, the English on, 687 Bellarmin, Roberto, Cardinal, 75 Bellasis, John, Lord Bellasis, 220
Bellefonds, Bernardin Gigault, Marquis de, Marshal of France, 59
Belleisle, French fleet at, 183
Bellenden, Sir William, dismissed, 284 Bellings, Sir Richard, 204
Bellini, Laurentio, anatomist, 729 Belturbet, captured by Col. Wolseley, 313 Bengal, the Dutch in, 695, 697; 698;
defeat of the English in, 699; French factory in, 703; 704 sq.
Bennet, Henry, Earl of Arlington. See Arlington
Bentinck, William, Earl of Portland. See Portland
Bentley, Richard, 125
Berezina river, Charles XII crosses, 598 Berezoff, Menshikoff banished to, 554 Berg, duchy of, 350; 627 sq.; 643 Bergen, naval battle off, 110; 183 Bergeyek, Count, 420
Berkeley, Sir William, Vice-admiral, 184
of Stratton, John, Lord, Lieutenant of Ireland, 305 Berleburg, Casimir von, Count, 761 Berlin, 594; 618; foundation of, 620; 625; 639; 645; French colony at, 646, 670; 669; Academy, 670 Bern, and Neuchâtel, 449 Bernard, St, 755; 758
Bernoulli, James, mathematician, 718 John, mathematician, 718
Berry, customs of, 13
Charles, Duke of, 30 sq.; 393; 441 Bérulle, Pierre de, Cardinal, 78 Berwick, James Fitzjames, Duke of, Marshal
of France, 262; 315; 405; in Spain, 416, 419, 446; 421 sq.; Marlborough and, 461 Besançon, Parlement of, 4; 48 Bessarion, John, Cardinal, 482
Bestuzheff, Michael, Russian diplomatist, 551
Bethlen Gabor, Prince of Transylvania. See Transylvania
Béthune, captured by the Allies, 429
French envoy in Poland, 354; 356; 566 Betterton, Thomas, actor, 130 Beuningen, Conrad van, 145; Dutch am- bassador at Paris, 152 sq.; in England, 154, 217; and de Witt, 154, 156; 164 Beverningh, Hieronymus van, Dutch envoy
to England, 141 sqq.; resigns, 154; 160; 164 sq.
Bicker, Cornelis, uncle of John de Witt, 145 Wendela, wife of John de Witt, 144 Biddle, John, Unitarian, 327 Bielke, Nils, Swedish statesman, 573 Bielowice, Charles XII at, 592 Bielski, Bogdan Jakowlewitsch, candidate for Russian crown, 497
Bijapur, war of, with Aurangzeb, 698 Bilsen, Marlborough at, 415 Binch, restored to Spain, 45 Birch, John, Colonel, 216
Birse, Peter the Great and Augustus II at,
Boisselot, Major-General, at the defence of Limerick, 316
Bokhara, Russia and, 544 Bolingbroke, Henry St John, Viscount, 70; 271; 337; 430; and the Peace of Utrecht, 434, 440, 446, 450; 461; and party government, 463; Secretary at War, 464; 465 sq.; 469; Secretary of State, 470; 471; and the Stewart cause, 472 sq.; 473; and the Schism Act, 474 sq.; and the fall of Oxford, 475; 476; and Russia, 608
Bologna, botanic gardens at, 734 Bolotnikoff, Ivan, Russian revolutionist,500 Bombay, ceded to England, 105; 107; 698 Bombelli, Raffaelle, mathematician, 710 Bonde, Gustaf, Swedish statesman, 565 sq.; 575
Bonn, taken by the allies, 57; 161; cap- tured by Marlborough, 407; 661 Bonzi, Pierre, Cardinal, Archbishop of Narbonne, 85
Bordeaux, Parlement of, 4; 10
Archbishop of. See Sourdis Bordeaux-Neufville, Antoine de, 106 Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, physicist, 727 sq.; 731; 733 sq.; 740 Borgomainero, Marquis, Spanish ambas- sador at Vienna, 358; 364
Boris Godunoff, Tsar, Regent of Russia, 495 sq.; elected Tsar, 497; death of, 498; 516; 522; 524
Borkelo, the Bishop of Münster and, 150 sq. Bornhöved, Danish defeat at, 620
Bosnia, 366; Prince Eugene in, 370 Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne, and Mon- taigne, 64 sq.; and Descartes, 65; 66; and Cartesianism, 73; 74; 76; as a preacher, 80; 81; 84; and the dispute with the Papacy, 85 sq.; the writings of, 86; and the Huguenots, 86; 87; and Fénelon, 88; 90; 743 Bothmer, Johann Caspar von, Count, Hanoverian envoy in London, 476 Bothnia, Gulf of, 610
Bothwell Bridge, battle of, 225, 285 sq. Bouchain, taken by the French, 44; 45; 431; 434
Boufflers, Louis-François de Boufflers, Duc de, Marshal of France, 405 sq.; 421; 425 89.
Boulonnais, the, 4; rising in, 9 Bourbonnais, the, customs of, 13 Bourdaloue, Louis, 65; as a preacher, 80 Bourignon, Antoinette de, pietist, 762 Bournonville, Count, 651
Boyle, Robert, physicist, 715; 722; 728; and modern chemistry, 730 sq.; 732
Roger, Earl of Orrery. See Orrery Boyne, battle of the, 58, 261, 314 Brabant, 153; Marlborough in, 416; 426 Bradley, James, astronomer royal, 721 Brahe, Per, Swedish statesman, 564 sq.; 568
Bramhall, John, Abp of Armagh, 321 Brandaris, destroyed by the English, 187 Brandenburg, growth and development of, to 1640, Chap. XX; under the Electors Frederick William and Frederick III (1640-1713), Chap. XXI; 25; and France, 33, 38; and the United Pro- vinces, 37, 157, 161, 164, 166; 39 sq.; and Sweden, 45; 55; 414; 568; 586
the Kurmark of, 618; the Middle Mark of, 618; the New Mark of, 618, 621, 624, 632, 634; the Northern Mark of, 617 sq., 620; the Old Mark of, 618 sq., 621, 625; the Vormark (Priegnitz) of, 618; the Ukermark of, 618, 620
Albert I (the Bear), 618 sq.; 624 Albert II, 620
Albert Achilles, 624 sq. Frederick I, 622 sq.
Frederick II, 620; 623 sq.; 634 Frederick III. See Frederick I, King of Prussia
Frederick William (the Great Elector).
See Frederick William
George William, 637 sq.; 640 sqq. Joachim I, 624 sqq.
Joachim II, 624; 626 sq.; 636 Joachim Frederick, 627 sq.; 636 John Cicero, 624
John George, 624; 627; 636
John Sigismund, Duke of Prussia, 627 sq.; 636 sq.; 743
Brandenburg, Electors of:
Lewis (the Roman), 620 sq. Otto V, 621
Sigismund. See Sigismund, Emperor Waldemar I (the Great), 620; 631 Albert von, Cardinal, Archbishop and Elector of Mainz. See Mainz
George Frederick, Margrave of, Prince of Jägerndorf, 636
Sophia, Margravine of, 635 Brandenburg-Baireuth, Charles Margrave of, 418
Brandt, Carsten, German shipmaster, in Russia, 520
Brazil, Portugal and, 107; 146; 148; 448; and Portugal, 675 sq.; expulsion of Dutch from, 675 sq.; slave labour in, 676 sq.; 677; discovery of gold in, 678 sq. Company (Portuguese), 675 Breda, Charles II of England at, 148 Declaration of, 92; 94; 99
Treaty of, 37, 112 sq., 151, 154, 187, 189, 199, 329 Breisach, 45; 48; ceded by France, 63; 408 Bremen, purchased by George I, 550; Sweden and, 562 sq.; 569; 579; 582; 603
occupied by the Danes, 607; 610 sq.; 613; bishopric of, 615; 652 Brenner Pass, Bavarian detachment at, 407 Brescia, 402; Prince Eugene at, 414 Bresse, customs of, 13
Brest, development of, 14;
English attack on, 261 sq., 460 Bridgeman, Sir Orlando, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, 201; 207; 334 Brieg, principality of, 652;
Brienne, Henri-Louis de Loménie, Comte de, French Secretary of State, 5 Briggs, Henry, mathematician, 709 Brihuega, Allies defeated at, 428
Bristol, George Digby, Earl of, 100 sq.; 105; 210
Britanny, Estates of, 4; rising in, 9 sq.
Louis, Duke of, death of, 434 Broglie, Victor Maurice, Comte de, 26 Browne, Sir Thomas, 332
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