Proceedings of Virginia General Assembly-Amount to Nothing-Clinton detaches

Phillips to Virginia-Governor Jefferson's Letters to President of Congress-Phillips

invades Virginia-Devastates the Country-Arnold destroys the State Marine-Commo-

dore O'Brien's Statement of the Affair-British advance on Richmond-Exploits of the

"Tobacco War" unsung-Lafayette at Richmond-Phillips's Threats-Tart Corres-

pondence-Phillips retires-Met with Dispatches from Cornwallis-Returns to Peters-

burg-Cornwallis after Battle of Guilford Court House-Greene marches to South

Carolina General Consequences of this Measure-Terrible Consequences to Virginia-

Greene's Justification-Cornwallis advances unresisted on Virginia-Phillips's Death

-Lafayette's refusal to correspond with Arnold-American Prisoners threatened-

Governor Jefferson's Proclamation concerning Paroles-Legislature meet and adjourn

-The Governor's Personal Movements-His noticeable Letter to Washington, May 28th

-Washington's Reply and Personal Acknowledgments-Cornwallis reaches Peters-

burg-His complete Superiority of Force-Flushed with his Prospects-Pursues

Lafayette-Mercer's timely Arrival "The Boy" Escapes-Simcoe dispatched to the

Point of Fork-Steuben's Retreat-Tarleton's attempts to seize Governor and Legis-

lature-A Detachment proceeds to Monticello-Preparations of the Governor, and his

Retreat Conduct of two Slaves-Handsome conduct of British at Monticello-Tarle-

ton's Orders on the Subject-Cornwallis's at another of Mr. Jefferson's Estates-Devas-

tation and Butchery-List of Jefferson's Losses from Farm Book-The dying Slaves-

Jefferson's Provocations to such Treatment-Cornwallis's customary Atrocities and

Robberies-Why these Things should be remembered Jefferson resolves to decline a

Reëlection-Continental Officers' Opinions of his. Military Administration-Differences

between Civil and Military Officers in the Revolution-Legislature meets at Staunton-

"Another Panic "-Another Dictator Project-Necessity of putting Jefferson hors de

combat-Resistance justly anticipated from him-Charged with Official Misconduct-

Proposed Inquiry supported by his Friends-Dictator Project again relinquished from

fear Jefferson then openly declines a Reelection-Votes of his Friends still required

to prevent his Reelection-His Movements after retreating before Tarleton-Inquiry

into his Conduct not an "Impeachment "-Inquiry deeply regretted by Friends of

the Mover-The "Objections" and "Answers"-Character of the Objections-The

"Flights" considered-Error in Congress Edition of Mr. Jefferson's Works-Jefferson

enters the Legislature to meet the Inquiry-Inquiry dropped-Unanimous Vindication

of Governor Jefferson-George Nicholas's Reparation,
321

CHAPTER X.

1781-1784.

Mr. Jefferson again appointed a Plenipotentiary-Reasons for declining-His Wife's
shattered Health-His Retirement-An Accident-Writes Notes on Virginia--How he
collected Materials-Character of the Work-Buffon's and Raynal's Theories-An
Arithmetical Argument considered-Jefferson's Ethnological Remarks-Slavery-
Religion-Geology-Letter to Lafayette-To Edmund Randolph-To General Wash-
ington-De Chastellux's Visit to Monticello-Comments on his Narrative-Jefferson's
Mechanical Tastes-Declines to attend Legislature-Madison's Comments Monroe's
Letter to him-Jefferson's morbid Sensibility-Occasion of it-His Wife's Decline-
Closing Scenes Jefferson refuses to appeal to Sympathy-His Wife's Death--His
Daughter's Description of what followed-His Family Register-Mementos of the
Dead-Small pox-Mr. Jefferson appointed Plenipotentiary third time-Reasons for
Acceptance-Proposed as Secretary for Foreign Affairs-Repairs to Philadelphia-
Letter to Washington and Reply-Awaits an Opportunity to sail to Europe-Reasons

for not proceeding-Letters to Eppes-Elected to Congress-Home Occupations-

A Series of Family Letters commenced-Three Letters to Martha Jefferson-Congress

meet-Washington's Resignation-Jefferson's Report-Chairman of Committee on

Treaty of Peace-Reports a Committee of States-The Plan fails-Reports a Money

Unit and a Coinage-Reports in favor of Commissioners of Treasury-Reports on

Public Indebtedness, etc.-Cession of Northwest Territory-Reports Plan of Govern-

ment for Western Territory-Proceedings of Congress thereon-Reports Plan for

locating and disposing of Public Lands-Reports Instructions for Foreign Ministers-

Leaves Congress-His undisputed leadership in it-Was he a Practical Man-Did he

ride or guide the Current-Criticisms of Opponents-Proofs furnished by his History-

His Manners a source of Error-His peculiar Habits of Conversation-An Anecdote-.

A Description by his Grandson-Clarendon's Description of Hampden-Jefferson's Cor-

respondence with Washington-On Virginia Internal Improvements-Washington asks

Jefferson's Advice concerning Cincinnati-Jefferson's Answer-Their Personal Inter-

views-Two Letters to Martha Jefferson-Du Simitiere and Rittenhouse,

CHAPTER XI.

1784-1786.

361

Jefferson appointed Minister Plenipotentiary-Preparations for Departure-His Voyage

-Personal Arrangements in Paris-Action of American Ministers-Jefferson prints his

Notes on Virginia-Driven to permit Publication-Commercial Negotiations of 1784-

Dr. Franklin's return Home-Jefferson Minister to France-Sources of his Popularity

there-The existing Political Condition of France-The Patriotic Party-Jefferson's

Standing with it-His Standing with the People and Government-His position between

Adams and Franklin-Mr. and Mrs. Adams's Personal Feelings towards him-Progress

of Negotiations in 1785-Difficulties with the Barbary States-Adams for Tribute, Jef

ferson for War-Jefferson's Views on a Navy-On proper Objects of National Indus-

try-On Questions before Congress-On Virginia Matters-Subjects of his Correspond.

ence-His Impressions of France-On Advantage of European Education to Ameri-

eans-His Letter to Peter Carr-Changes his Residence in Paris-His Rooms at Car-

thusian Monastery-Official Correspondence of 1786-Negotiations with French Gov-

ernment The Farmers-General-Correspondence with Washington-Furnishes matter

for Encyclopédie Méthodique-His proposed Remedy for American Overtrading-Views

on Annexation"-A Rumble of the Earthquake-John Ledyard-Jefferson sent for

by Mr. Adams-Letter to Martha-Journey to London-Negotiations with Portugal

and Barbary States-Offer of Commercial Treaty to England-Jefferson's Presentation

at Court-His and Mr. Adams's Statements compared-Jefferson's Impressions of

England-Visits various Classic Scenes-His Journal-His lack of Sentiment-With

Mr. Adams at Stratford-upon-Avon-At Battle-field of Worcester-Jefferson as a Prac-

ticalist and Idealist-Occupation on return to France-Another Contest with the Far-

mers-General-Arranges a League against Barbary States-Why it fell through-View

of Europe after another Year's Stay-Corrections to Mr. Soulés Work on America-

Lafayette's Bust placed in Hôtel de Ville-Jefferson's and Lafayette's Relations-An

Unlucky Phrase-Lord Bolingbroke borrowed from-The Order of Bernis-Accident

to Jefferson-His Letter to Washington on Cincinnati-His first View of the Govern-

ment to be formed by Convention of 1787-Other Correspondence-Misunderstanding

with Robert Morris-A Day Dream-Made Doctor of Laws-Remarks on Shay's Insurrec

tion-Was Jefferson's Democracy "French Democracy?"
411

CHAPTER XII.

1787.

Causes which led to Convening the Assembly of Notables, in France-Death of the

Count de Vergennes Jefferson to Carrington on Shay's Insurrection-Sketches thr

Character of Adams, Lafayette, etc., to Madison-Motives of his Journey to South of

France-Barbary Affairs-Advises Lafayette to make the English Constitution the

Model for France-Sets out on his Journey-Letter to De Tesse advising Moderation in

the Assembly of Notables-A Brazilian Envoy-A Letter to his Daughter filled with his

Philosophy of Life-The Waters of Aix of no Benefit-Reasons for proceeding to Italy-

Writes Martha from Toulon-Letter to Lafayette containing some noble Sentences-

Crosses the Alps-Reaches Turin-Obtains the principal Object of his Journey-Pro-

ceeds to Milan, Pavia, Genoa, and back to Nice-Sums up what he saw, in a Letter to

Mr. Wythe-A Memorable Opinion on making the Grape an American Staple of Indus.

try-Commercial Arrangements with Italian Merchants-Writes Martha from Marseilles

and the Canal of Languedoc-To Mr. Eppes from Bordeaux-To Martha from Nantes-

His Yearnings for his Younger Daughter-A Letter to Martha worth the Perusal of all

Young Ladies-Some Characteristics of Martha Jefferson-Changes in the French Min

istry-Jefferson asks a Modification of Duties on American Imports-His Views on

current American Questions-Letter to Hartley, giving the length and breadth of his

Democracy-Letters of Advice to future Sons-in-law-Arrival of his Daughter "Polly"

(Mary) in England-Mrs. Adams's Description of her-Martha and Mary Jefferson-

The Relations which Mr. Jefferson bore to his Daughters-Their Feelings towards and

Declarations concerning him-Threatening Indications rife in Europe-Paris in Com-

motion-A Lull in Affairs-All of Jefferson's Objects attained-His Reflections on the

State of Europe-His King-phobia increased-His Views on American Policy-His first

View of the new United States Constitution-Parts liked and parts disliked by him-

Ultimately favors its Adoption-All his Objections but one met by the Amendment of

1789-90-Private Correspondence in 1787-Daniel Webster's Anecdote of him-A

Federal Ideal of Jefferson-The Blunder of a Conversationalist-How far did Jefferson

borrow his Politics, Morals, and Religion from France?-What understood by the

Imputation of "French Religion"-Character of French Infidelity-When have we

a Right to inquire into Private Religious Beliefs?-We unquestionably have that Right in

Jefferson's case-At what Stage of the Narrative this will be done-A related but

essentially different Question-The Religious Issue between the living Jefferson and his

Opponents must be earlier discussed,
462

CHAPTER XIII.

1788-1789.

First Official Acts in 1788-Paul Jones-Pecuniary Difficulties of United States-Jefferson

repairs to Holland-With Adams effects Loans-Tour up the Rhine-Mathematical

Formula for shaping a Plow-State of Paris at his Return-Letter to General Washing-

ton-Proposes transferring French Debts to Holland-Gives Brissot Letters of Intro-

duction-Outfit-New Consular Convention-Annoyed by French Creditors of United

States-Repulses Impertinence of General Armand-Asks Leave of Absence--Nobody

to grant it-Miscellaneous Correspondence of the Year-Questions a Theory of New-

ton-Disregard of mere Authority in Science-Newton, Buffon, and Lavoisier-Blunders

of the Learned-Curtain drops on Poor Ledyard-His Warm Affection for Jefferson-

Jefferson declines joining Society for Abolition of Slave Trade-English Judicial Deci-

sions in America-Letter to General Washington-Inside Views Opinion on Female

Influence in French Politics-Further History of French Affairs-Famine in the Winter

of 1788-9-Relief from America-Recall of French Minister in America asked-Gover-

neur Morris's Secret-Extracts from Letters and Diary of Morris-Speculations-

France on Morris's Shoulders-Jefferson's Views of Proper Objects of the Patriots-

Sack of Reveillon's House-Opening of States-General-Disputes between Orders-

Lafayette's Instructions and Jefferson's Advice-Progress of Events-Jefferson's Let-

ter to St. Etienne-Proposes a Charter of Rights-Patriots demand too much and

lose all-Character of Necker-Jefferson and Mirabeau-Further Events-"Let the

People eat Grass"-The Issue of Blood made up-Jefferson between the Military and

the People-Different Accounts of the Fray-Attack on the Bastile-Another Chance

for Compromise thrown away-Jefferson's Opinion of the King and Queen-He is

invited to Assist in forming a Constitution-His Reasons for declining-Constitution

Settled at his House-The Parties in the National Assembly-Explanations between

Jefferson and Montmorin-Personal Affairs-Jefferson neither Federalist nor Anti-

Federalist-Made LL.D. by Harvard University-His Answer-Family Incidents-

Martha wishes to enter a Convent-Letter to General Washington-Views on Titles of

Honor in United States-Views on Neutrality between France and England-Past and

Present Course of these Nations towards the United States-English Sympathisers in

United States-This Party existed before the French Revolution Jefferson averse to

entering President's Cabinet-"Can one Generation of Men bind another?"-He

receives Leave of Absence-Particulars of Journey until final Sailing-His Valedic-

tory to France-Some Review of his Diplomatic Labors-Discharge of Minor Duties-

Attentions to Americans Abroad-His Course towards Young Travellers-His Strong

Partiality for Young Men-Other Unofficial Duties-Ability of his Dispatches-Political

Prophesying-His Diplomatic Career commands Universal Applause-Mr. Jay's Testi-

mony on the Subject-Judge Marshall's-Daniel Webster's-English Expressions--

Martha Jefferson's Narrative of Journey Home-Danger at Norfolk-Reception at

Home-Old Wormley's Version of the Reception-An African Ovation,

CHAPTER XIV.

1789-1790.

497

Jefferson appointed Secretary of State-Washington's Letters-Jefferson's Reply-His

Feelings towards Washington-Appointments further pressed and accepted-Marriage

of Martha Jefferson-Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr.-Mr. Jefferson's Journey to New

York-Interview with Franklin-Personal Arrangements-Jefferson's Account of the

Political Tone of Society in New York-Were his Impressions well founded?-Revolu-

tionary Politics in that City-Loyalism and Whiggery in that State-Form of Govern-

ment not necessarily in Question-Causes which led to Formation of Constitution-

Influence of Shay's Insurrection on Public Mind-Rise of a Reactionary or Monarchical

Party Jefferson's persistent Assertion of such a Party-Charged such Views on Indi-

viduals-Reasons for investigating these Charges His Statements compared with

Judge Marshall's-With General Knox's-With Colonel Humphreys'-With John Jay's

-With Mr. Madison's-With General Washington's-Hamilton's Plan in Convention

of 1787-His Speech in favor of Monarchy-Objections to Madison's Report of Speech

examined-Governeur Morris's Speech in the Convention-Project of making Bishop

of Osnaburg King-Hamilton's Share in forming the Constitution-Hostile Testimony

discarded-Morris's Statements-How far Hamilton really approved of the Constitu-

tion-His public Declarations-His confidential Disclosures-Declares the Constitution

"a frail and worthless Fabric "-His Estimate of the American People-Morris's Tes

timony to Hamilton's Views and his own-Hostility of the Hamiltonians to the Con-

stitution-Fisher Ames's Declarations-Theodore Sedgwick's-Oliver Wolcott's, Sen.

-John Adams's-Other Tests besides Declarations-Does the Charge of a Monarchical

Party rest on Jefferson's Assertions?-The general Belief of the Republicans in the

Existence of a Monarchical Party-The seven first Presidents concur in that Belief-

General Washington's Testimony-John Adams's-Madison's-Monroe's-John Q.

Adams's-General Jackson's, .
554

CHAPTER XV.

1790-1791.

Construction of the President's Cabinet-Colonel Hamilton-General Knox-Edmund

Randolph-Cabinet politically "balanced"-How far otherwise balanced-Its Mode

of doing Business-Washington's Motives in balancing between Parties-Plan worked

smoothly for a Time-The Funding Bill-Madison's Course-Consequences of the Fund-

ing Bill-The Assumption-How forced through-The Public Loss by it-Jefferson's

Letters to France-Views on the French Constitution-Reports and Cabinet Opinions-

Illness-Bill to protect Virginia and North Carolina Soldiers-Swindling-Free Com-

merce a Natural Right-Threatened Rupture between England and Spain-Jefferson's

Instructions to our Spanish Minister-To our French Minister-Conduct of Spain

towards the United States-Instructions to our English Diplomatic Agent Jefferson's

Report to Congress-Uniformity of the Coinage, Weights and Measures-Accompanies

President to Rhode Island-Cabinet Questions in regard to Lord Dorchester-Jefferson's

Answer-Hamilton's-President concurred with Jefferson-Jefferson visits Home-Nine

Letters to his Daughters-Energetic Advice to President on English Affairs-His Advice

adopted-Import and Excise Bill-Symptoms of Public Dissatisfaction-Madison's

Course and Motives-United States Bank Bill passed-Cabinet Opinions on it-Presi-

dent's Motives for signing it-Came near vetoing it-Jefferson's Letter to Mason-His Ac-

count of the Division of Parties-His Opinions of Hamilton and Adams-Sources of Diffe-

rence between Jefferson and Hamilton-Manners-Interference in Congressional Affairs

-Hamilton's present Success-His different Classes of Adherents-The Bank Mania-

Adulation-Ames to Hamilton-Hamilton the Dispenser-His Freedom from Venality-

Jefferson declares him a Monarchist-That he favored a Government "bottomed on

Corruption "What was meant by the Last Charge-" Corruptions of British Constitu-

tion"-Character of Hamilton's Mind-His Lack of Originality-Copied his entire Sys-

tem from England-Not a Wise Man in Practice-All his Structures have perished-

Defeated his own Ends by Overaction-Could have preserved a Moderately Consolidat-

ed Government-Was a Theorist and a Projector-Was an able Executive Man-The

Qualities which conspired to produce this-He was earnest and honest in his Principles

-Comparative Frequency of such men as Jefferson and Hamilton,
594