SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. THOMAS EWING, of Ohio. Nominated and confirmed 7th March, 1849. Resigned. JAMES A. PEARCE, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th July, 1850. Declined accepting. THOMAS M. T. MCKENNAN, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and appointed 15th August, 1850. Resigned. ALEXANDER H. H. STUART, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and appointed 12th September, 1850. SECRETARIES OF WAR. GEORGE W. CRAWFORD, of Georgia. Nomination confirmed and appointed 7th March, 1849. Resigned. EDWARD BATES, of Missouri. Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th July, 1850. Declined accepting. CHARLES M. CONRAD, of Louisiana. Nomination confirmed and appointed 15th August, 1850. SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. WILLIAM BALLARD PRESTON, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed 7th March, 1849. Resigned. WILLIAM A. GRAHAM, of North Carolina. Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th July, 1850. Resigned. JOHN P. KENNEDY, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and appointed 22d July, 1852. ATTORNEY GENERALS. REVERDY JOHNSON, of Maryland. Nominated and confirmed 7th March, 1849. Resigned. JOHN J. CRITTENDEN, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th July, 1850. POSTMASTER GENERALS. JACOB COLLAMER, of Vermont. Nominated and confirmed 7th March. 1849. Resigned. NATHAN K. HALL, of New York. Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th July, 1850. Resigned. SAMUEL D. HUBBARD, of Connecticut. appointed 31st August, 1852. hicke'y constitutions. Nomination confirmed and CHAPTER 10. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. CHRONOLOGICAL statement of the formation of the governments of the several STATES; of their becoming members of the Union by their adoption or ratification of the Constitution of the United States, or by their admission as States since the establishment of the Constitution; with a particular account of the progress of each of the latter, either from the condition of territorial dependencies, or independent governments, to the rank of STATES. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1774. A number of Delegates, chosen and appointed by the several Colonies and Provinces in North America, met to hold a Congress at Philadelphia, and assembled in Carpenter's Hall. TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 6, 1774. Resolved, That in determining questions in this Congress, each Colony or Province shall have one vote-The Congress not being possessed of, or at present able to procure proper materials for ascertaining the importance of each Colony. [This principle was confirmed by the Articles of Confederation which declared that, " In determining questions in the United States, in Congress assembled, each State shall have one vote.” And they further declared that certain enumerated powers should never be determined by Congress, "unless nine States assent to the same: nor shall a ques tion on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United States in Congress assembled."-These extracts show the relative authority or importance of the several States in the exercise of the sovereign power under the Confederation.] TUESDAY, JULY 2, 1776. Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and, of right, ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connexion between them, and the State of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. THURSDAY, JULY 4, 1776. The Congress agreed to A DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, to be signed by the members from the several States, which will be found in this volume. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 1776. Resolved, That in all continental commissions, and other instruments, where, heretofore, the words "United Colonies" have been used, the style be altered, for the future, to the UNITED STATES. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 15, 1777. The Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union of the United States of America were agreed to by the Delegates of the thirteen original States in Congress assembled, subject to the ratification of the Legislatures of the several States. These articles were ratified by 8 States on the 9th July, 1778. The ratification was therefore completed on the 1st March, 1781,* the articles being dated the 9th July, 1778, and this completed the bond of union of the thirteen original States, whose delegates assembled in Congress continued to legislate and execute the powers of the United States under the Articles of Confederation until the 4th March, 1789, when, by their resolution of the 13th September, 1788, the Constitution of the United States, also adopted and ratified by the people of the said original States, went into operation, * Vide the notes under "Ohio" for the cause of the delay on the part of Maryand to ratify the Articles of Confederation until March 1, 1781. forming thereby a more perfect UNION OF THE PEOPLE FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The thirteen original States that formed and confirmed the Union by the adoption of the Constitution, are as follows: NEW HAMPSHIRE. Embraced under the charters of Massachusetts, and continued under the same jurisdiction until September 18, 1679, when a separate charter and government was granted. A Constitution was formed on January 5, 1776, which was altered in 1784, and was further altered and amended on February 13, 1792. This State ratified the Constitution of the United States, June 21, 1788. MASSACHUSETTS. Settled under compacts of the emigrants of November 3, 1620, and chartered on March 4, 1629; also chartered January 13, 1630; an explanatory charter granted August 20, 1726, and more completely chartered on October 7, 1731; formed a Constitution on March 2, 1780, which was altered and amended on November 3, 1820. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, February 6, 1788. RHODE ISLAND. Embraced under the charters of Massachusetts, and continued under the same jurisdiction until July 8, 1662, when a separate charter was granted, which continued in force until a Constitution was formed in September, 1842. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, May 29, 1790. CONNECTICUT. Embraced under the charters of Massachusetts, and continued under the same jurisdiction until April 23, 1662, when a separate charter was granted, which continued in force until a Constitution was formed on September 15, 1818. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, January 9, 1788. NEW YORK. Granted to Duke of York, March 20, 1664; April 26, 1664; June 24, 1664. Newly patented on February 9, 1674; formed a Constitution on April 20, 1777, which was amended on October 27, 1801, and further amended November 10, 1821. A new Constitution was formed in 1846. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, July 26, 1788. NEW JERSEY. Held under same grants as New York; separated into East and West Jersey on March 3, 1677. The government surrendered to the Crown in 1702, and sc continued until the formation of a Constitution on July 2, 1776. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, December 18, 1787. PENNSYLVANIA. Chartered on February 28, 1681; formed a Constitution on September 28, 1778; amended, &c., on September 2, 1790. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, December 12, 1787. DELAWARE. Embraced in the charter, and continued under the government of Pennsylvania until the formation of a Constitution on September 20, 1776; a new Constitution formed on June 12, 1792. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, December 7, 1787. MARYLAND. Chartered on June 20, 1632; formed a Constitution August 14, 1776, which was amended in 1795 and 1799, and further amended in November, 1812. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, April 28, 1788. VIRGINIA. Chartered April 10, 1606, May 23, 1609, and March 12, 1612; formed a Constitution on July 5, 1776; amended January 15, 1830. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, June 26, 1788. NORTH CAROLINA. Chartered in March 20, 1663, and June 30, 1665; formed a Constitution, December 19, 1776, which was amended in 1835. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, November 21, 1789. SOUTH CAROLINA. Embraced in the charters of Carolina or North Carolina, from which it was separated in 1729; formed a Constitution March 26, 1776, which was amended on March 19, 1778, and June 3, 1790. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, May 23, 1788. GEORGIA. Chartered on June 9, 1732; formed a Constitution on February 5, 1777, a second in 1785, and a third on May 30. 1798. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, January 2, 1788. The privilege of becoming members of the American Union by the mere ratification of the Constitution, was reserved to those States alone that were parties to the previous confederation and the compact or convention by which the Constitution was formed. The ratification of nine States being sufficient for the establishment of the Constitution; and, it having been ratified by eleven States, it was determined by Congress, on the 13th September, |