feet high according to some, and five hundred and twenty feet according to others, was re-erected, and a new cross, with a pommel large enough to contain ten bushels of corn, well gilt, set on the top thereof.'

The old cathedral stood within a walled enclosure, entered by six gates. On the north side of the nave stood the palace, the Pardon Church built by the father of Thomas à Becket, and surrounded by a cloister noted for a series of paintings illustrating the Dance of Death, the old library, while to the east of the north door stood the Charnel Chapel, pulled down in 1549 by the Duke of Somerset. On the south side the conspicuous objects were the Church of St. Gregory; close against the great west door, the beautiful though small Chapter-house, and the splendid flying buttresses of nave, transept, and choir.'

Dr. Sparrow Simpson thus pictures for us the interior of this famous church as it appeared about the year, 1510:

'We pass in at the open wicket. What a striking prospect! The cathedral is five hundred and ninety-six feet in length, and the breadth, including the aisle walls, is one hundred and four feet. The grand nave has no less than twelve bays, and the choir-we shall see it by-and-by—has an equal number. Just where we are standing the roof is ninety-three feet in height; the choir is even loftier by some eight feet-a striking feature. The style is very grand and very simple, as that of large Norman naves is apt to be; the vaulted roof is so far above us that we cannot tell its material. Some say that it is of wood, but others that it is of stone, as the great flying buttresses outside would have prepared us to expect. The triforium also is Norman, but the clerestory windows are pointed. At the sixth bay, right and left, are two small doors through the outer walls, and you will observe that these doors offer dangerous facilities for making the nave a thoroughfare. See, here is a notice against the little north door forbidding such desecration:

"All those that shall enter within the church dore
With burden or basket, must give to the poor;
And if there be any ask what they must pay
To this box, 'tis a penny ere they pass away."

and below the inscription is an iron chest to receive the penny.

'Observe the large aperture in the roof of the nave. What can be its use? An able antiquary shall tell us. Lambarde, in his Topographical Dictionary, says: "I myself, being a child, once saw in Paul's Church at London, at a feast of Whitsuntide, where the coming down of the Holy Ghost was set forth by a white pigeon that was let to fly out of a hole that is yet to be seen in the midst of the roof of the great aisle, and by a

All who wish to know what manner of building old St. Paul's was, should consult Dr. Sparrow Simpson's interesting books, Gleanings from Old St. Paul's, and Chapters in the History of Old St. Paul's.

long censer which, descending out of the same place, almost to the very ground, was swung up and down to such a length that it reached at one sweep almost to the west gate of the church, and with the other to the choir stairs of the same, breathing out over the whole church and company a most pleasant perfume of such sweet things as burned therein."

Crossing the nave, at the eleventh bay on the right hand is the tomb of Sir John Beauchamp, Knight of the Garter, son of Guy, Earl of Warwick.

There lies his recumbent figure clad in complete armour, and on the four panels at the side of the altar-tomb you may see the armorial bearings of his noble family. The common people call it Duke Humfrey's tomb, although Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester, lies honourably buried at St. Albans, twenty miles away. On May Day tankard-bearers and watermen, and others of like quality, come to this tomb early in the morning and strew herbs about it, and sprinkle it with fair water. And they have some

odd sayings of their own. A man who goes without his dinner (walking during dinner-time in this nave) is said "to dine with Duke Humfrey," and in reference to this saying they have a proverb: "Trash and trumpery is the way to Duke Humfrey," that is, is the way to go dinnerless.'

As every Londoner knows, one of the famous parts of Lambeth Palace is the Lollards' Tower. But a large number do not know that the original and real Lollards' Tower was part of old St. Paul's. We give an engraving of the porch added to the ancient cathedral by Inigo Jones in Charles Stow, in his Survey, says: At the First's reign, showing also two towers.

either corner of this west
end is also, of ancient build-
ing, a strong tower of
stone, made for bell towers;
the one of them, to wit,
next to the palace, is at
this present to the use of
the same palace; the other,
towards the south, is called
the Lowlardes' Tower, and
hath been used as the
Bishop's prison, for such
as were detected for opin-
ions in religion contrary to
the faith of the Church.'
In all probability the
southern tower in the en-
graving is the one referred
to by Stow, though some
think it cannot have been
large enough, and is a
new and smaller tower
standing on the site of the
older. But it was here,
and not at Lambeth, that
the prisoners, so often mentioned in Foxe's Book of Martyrs, were confined.
Here took place the tragedy of Richard Hunne. In reference to this prison,
Latimer said: 'I had rather be in purgatory than in the Lollardes' Tower.'
And very touching is the account of John Philpot, one of Bishop Bonner's
victims in 1555. Philpot himself tells the story: Bishop Bonner followed me,
calling the keeper aside, commanding to keep all men from me, and brought
me to his privy door that goeth into the church, and commanded two of his
men to accompany the keeper and to see me placed. And afterwards I
passed through Paul's up to the Lollards' Tower, and after that turned all along

INIGO JONES' PORCH TO OLD ST. PAUL'S, SHOWING THE LOLLARDS'
TOWER.

the west side of Paul's through the wall, and passing through six or seven doors came to my lodging through many straits, where I called to remembrance that strait is the way to heaven.' And ere the year closed the courageous martyr trod that strait way. He was condemned, and on December 18th, 1555, was burnt at the stake in Smithfield.

The historical associations of old St. Paul's have to do with many of the most famous English kings, and with many of the most noted deeds in our history. 'It was in old St. Paul's that King John in 1213 acknowledged the supremacy of the Pope. There John of Gaunt's son, afterwards Henry IV., wept by his father's grave, and there with mock solemnity he exposed the body of Richard II. after his murder at Pontefract. In 1401 the first English martyr, William Sawtre, was stripped of all his priestly vestments before being sent to the stake at Smithfield. Hither, after the death of Henry V., came his widow, Katherine de Valois, in a state litter, with her child upon her knee, and the little Henry VI. was led into the choir by the Duke Protector and the Duke of Exeter, that he might be seen by the people. Here the body of the same unhappy king was exhibited, that his death might be believed. Here also the bodies of Warwick the king-maker and his brother were exposed for three days.''

To old St. Paul's on February 23rd, 1377, John Wycliffe was summoned by Courtenay, Bishop of London, and placed on his defence against the dangerous charge of heresy. The somewhat disorderly scene which followed took place in the Lady Chapel to the east of the high altar. Instead of a trial there was a sharp passage of words between the bishop on the one side and John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and Lord Percy on the other, which led first to the breaking up of the assembly, and then to a riot, in which Savoy House was burnt.

In the open space on the north-eastern side of the Cathedral stood for centuries Paul's Cross, a pulpit for open air addresses, erected on what for ages had been the site of gatherings of the citizens. The exact site, upon which the original substructures of the Cross were still extant, was recently discovered by Mr. Penrose, the Cathedral architect, and it is now marked by the octagon on that open space just by the east end of the present building, where the numerous pigeons are often fed by passers-by and by the guardian policeman. This Cross is mentioned as early as 1256. 'Here' (we quote once again from Dr. Simpson) folkmotes were gathered together, bulls and papal edicts were read, heretics were denounced, heresies abjured, excommunications published, great political changes made known to the people, penances performed.' The Cross had become 'frail and injured' as early as 1387, a decree of the Bishop of London of that date being still preserved in the Record Room of the Cathedral. It was rebuilt again in the latter half of the fifteenth century. To write the history of the scenes that

Walks in London, i. 166.