southern boundary of this people appears to be the river Inhambane, which empties into the Indian Ocean, near Cape Corientes, under the southern tropic. The negroes who inhabit the country near the Portuguese settlement of Mozambique, are the Mozambique or Makuans: they differ little in their character or bodily conformation from the Congo tribes on the opposite coast. They have the negro physiognomy and qualities in their full extent, and perhaps are, if any thing, rather lower in the grade of intellect than their brethren of the west.

The custom of marking prevails among all the tribes of the eastern coast. The Mozambique people are distinguished by a scar like a horseshoe in the centre of the forehead, with others somewhat different on each side. They have other marks of a similar nature on the chin, and a large brand in the shape of the letter S covers the breast; their teeth are filed sharp, each tooth making a separate point.

The Takwani dwell on the great river Zambezi, at whose mouth Quilimane is situated. This was formerly the line of division between the northern or barbarous Makuans and the territories of the Motapa. Although this empire is extinct, the countries south of the river still preserve some political connexion. All this region was formerly termed Mocacougua by the Portuguese. The Takwani, by way of marks, have several groups of dots or scars imprinted in various parts of the forehead, and also on the breast.

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Takwani is situated four days' journey up the river Zambezi. The natives of Mesena have also the same marks; they inhabit the country round the Portuguese fort Sena, on the Zambezi, and were formerly part of the great kingdom of Motapa.

NYAMBANA.

The Caffres who are found as slaves, are generally slender and well made, with faces partaking slightly of the Moorish cast. Their colour is a yellowish brown, between that of a mulatto and true negro. The nose is not depressed, the lips are rather thick, the eyes large, black, and bright, and the hair woolly. Two divisions of the Caffres have been described by the various authors who have written of them and their dialects. These tribes they have divided into the Caffres proper, to the east of the colony of the Cape of Good Hope, extending from the Great Fish River as far east as Delagoa Bay, in latitude 26° S.; and the Bechuanas, to the north, inhabiting the interior as far as the tropics, and the country of the Wanketsi.

The country between Delagoa Bay and Sofala, Mr. Hale, from his investigation, believes to be inhabited by another race of Caffres, which he designates by the name of Nyambana. He remarks, that their language and physical traits belong to the same family with the Caffres proper and the Bechuanas. Their physiognomy is similar to that described as distinctive of the Caffres, and their language proved to be a sister dialect.

The natives whom he met with, and from whom this information was derived, came from the town of Okankomatta, on the coast, between the Nyambara and Nyango rivers, in about latitude 24° S., and from Kamouanawankushion, the river of Nyampara, in the interior. The distinctive personal mark of this tribe is the most extraordinary of any. It consists of a row of artificial pimples or warts, about the size of a pea, beginning in the middle of the upper part of the forehead, and descending to the tip of the nose. Of these they are very proud. The manner in which these singular elevations were produced we were not able to learn. The natives appeared to be averse to speaking of it.

The Mudjana or Mutchana are one of a number of savage tribes who inhabit the country inland of Makua and Mocacougua, with whom they carry on a continual war, for the purpose of procuring slaves. The best known of these are the Mudjana, the Mananji, the Maravi, and the Makonde. The Mudjana dwell about three hundred miles from the coast, and are among the ugliest of the African tribes. They are short and ill-formed, with the usual negro features in their most exaggerated forms. They have on the face and body cicatrices in the shape of a double cross or star, disposed without regularity. The incisions are made when they are children, and some kind of wood is rubbed upon them to give a dark colour.

The Mokonde, similarly located, have marks like to those of the Mudjana. Their teeth are filed down in the centre, the sides of each tooth being left like those of the Angoyas.

All these blacks are from different parts of the coast, and having been hostile tribes, retain much of their antipathy to each other. In general they are kindly treated, and become firmly attached to their masters; more, however, from a clannish feeling than from gratitude, of which virtue they seem to possess little. They are baptized by their owners as soon as purchased, and in the cities attend mass regularly, and go to confession, but they are never thought to become entirely civilized. Those who receive their freedom in reward for faithful services, or purchase it, conduct themselves well; their descendants are much superior in point of intelligence. Many of them own slaves, and prove much more severe masters than the whites. Male slaves are put to any trade or craft they may desire. Females are for the most part employed as mantua-makers, and almost all the finery worn by the higher circles at public fêtes is made by slaves. Indeed, many masters and mistresses are dependent on the labour of their slaves for their daily support. There are some blacks who are priests, and others officers in the army; indeed, some of the deputies would not pass for white men elsewhere.

Another remarkable circumstance that strikes the visiter is the absence of beggars. Many disgusting objects may be seen among the slave population, but I do not recollect having met with a beggar. I have understood that they are not suffered to appear in the streets. This is the law in almost all cities, but here it is rigidly observed. Charitable institutions are extensively endowed, particularly that of the Misericordia.

The streets of the city generally cross each other at right angles. Some few of them have sidewalks, but they are narrow and badly paved. The gutters are in the middle of the streets, with a stream of water which emits a smell by no means agreeable. Those most

frequented are the Rua Direita and Ouvidor. The former, containing the palace and cathedral, is the broadest in the city. In the latter are the principal shops, and it is the gayest. The streets are paved with blocks of stone. The houses are for the most part two stories in height, and notwithstanding the materials are strong, yet the red tiled roofs overhang in places fearfully. The interior of the houses will not bear inspection. Ceilings, walls, and floors, are all exceedingly rough. In those of the better kind, the walls and ceilings are plastered, and have ornamented designs painted in fresco. Silk hangings are much in vogue. I was struck with the want of light and ventilation in the rooms and houses. The city in some parts has a triste appearance, but in others there are few places which show so much stir and bustle, particularly when it is considered that wheeled vehicles are not used for transportation. What gives Rio its principal charm are its suburbs and the small quintas around it. Nothing can exceed the beauty of those around Gloria and Botofogo. These situations are generally occupied by foreigners established here in business.

The amusements of riding and fishing, with water excursions, are frequent, and of the most agreeable kind. These and other advantages of so fine a climate, soon render a residence at Rio quite desirable. There is much pleasant foreign society, composed of the diplomatic

corps, many retired gentlemen, and generally the officers of the several men-of-war of different nations. I had the pleasure of meeting some old friends, and the time I could spare was very agreeably spent in their society.

There appears to be but little intercourse between the Brazilians and the foreign society. The female sex particularly is still much restricted in this respect, and although great improvement has taken place, yet they seldom mix in social intercourse with foreigners; I am told that even among themselves they are seldom seen except at ceremonious parties. They are very much as one would expect them to be, reserved, retiring, and wanting in education. They dress after the French fashion, and are usually covered with finery, often displaying splendid jewels, without taste. There is none of that ease and gaiety which exists where the fair sex is considered on an equality with the other, and there is a total absence of that tone which a consciousness of their value gives to society. Though there is a great advancement in their education, yet there is still much room for improvement. Formerly they were not allowed to be educated at all. Their usual place of resort during the afternoon and evening is the balconies of their houses; some of them are occasionally seen at church. It is said they soon lose their beauty, an early age being considered as their prime. It gives me pleasure to bear testimony that I witnessed an exception to the above general rule.

Among the many places to which we had the honour of an invitation, was the White-Jacket Ball, at Praya Grande, so called in consequence of a request being made on the card of invitation, that the gentlemen would come in white jackets, and the ladies appear without brilliants or other jewels. We gladly accepted the invitation.

The row across the bay was beautiful; the water undisturbed by any breeze; the air cool and balmy; while thousands of lights along the shores, and the phosphorescence of the water, gave additional interest and brilliancy to the whole. The distance, though great, was not too much for so beautiful an evening.

ease.

After being once or twice at fault, we at last found the landing, and walked a short distance from the beach. On reaching the ante-room, we were met by the committee of gentlemen or managers, and kindly greeted without ceremony, making us at once feel at our We were shortly after ushered into one of the most splendid ball-rooms I ever saw; it would contain over one thousand persons. There were upwards of three hundred present, all dressed in pure white, without any finery whatever. The room was brilliantly lighted. We were shown around and introduced to a great many