NOBLE CONDUCT-VIDAURRE'S ATTACK ON VALPARAISO-HIS DEFEAT AND FLIGHT -PORTALES' DEATH-VIDAURRE CAPTURED AND BROUGHT TO VALPARAISO-TRIAL AND EXECUTION-EXPEDITION SAILS TO PERU-ITS FAILURE-TREATY OF PAUCAR- PATA-EXPEDITION RETURNS-BLANCO DEPRIVED OF HIS COMMAND — BULNES- PORPOISE SAILS-ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS-DIFFICULTIES OF LEAVING THE BAY-REGULATIONS OF PORT BADLY OBSERVED-CONDUCT OF THE CAPTAIN OF HAMBURG VESSEL-DEPARTURE-PART COMPANY WITH PEACOCK AND TENDER- EVENTS ON PASSAGE TO CALLAO-ZODIACAL LIGHTS-MAKE THE COAST OF PERU -TEMPERATURE OF WATER-ENTER BOUQUERON PASSAGE-ANCHOR AT SAN LO- RENZO-GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ISLAND-BURYING-GROUND-ARRIVAL OF FAL- MOUTH-CAPTAIN M'KEEVER-HIS KINDNESS-DESERTERS-CONDUCT OF CREW OF RELIEF-PUNISHMENT-EFFECTUAL SUPPRESSION OF SUCH CONDUCT-COURT-MAR- TIAL-JUSTIFICATION-CHANGE OF ANCHORAGE TO CALLAO-HEIGHT OF LIMA - MOLE-CALLAO-VESSELS IN PORT-CASTLE-DESCRIPTION OF HOUSES-RELIGIOUS PRACTICES-MARKET-REVIEW OF TROOPS-OLD CALLAO — EFFECTS OF EARTH- QUAKE-VAULTS FOR DEPOSITING THE DEAD-POPULATION OF CALLAO-FOURTH OF JULY-ROAD TO LIMA-DEVASTATIONS-BELLA VISTA-APPROACH TO LIMA-EN- TRANCE AND APPEARANCE-ITS PLAN-AMUSEMENTS-SAYA AND MANTA-ITS PRIVILEGES-DESCRIPTION OF IT-HOUSES - PORTALES OR ARCADES-PALACE- FOUNTAIN-CATHEDRAL-CRYPT-NOVEL HEARSE-MARKET - FRANCISCO-LIBRARY-SIGNATURE OF PIZARRO-FOUNDING OF LIMA-THEATRE- NAVAL SCHOOL-CLASSES OF NATIVES-POPULATION-NEWSPAPERS-HANDBILLS- FESTIVAL-CORPUS CHRISTI-MR. MATHEWS-MANUFACTORIES-FESTIVAL OF ST. WAY OF NAVAL SCHOOL-CLIMATE-RAIN-MEAN TEMPERATURE-HEALTH-RIMAC -IRRIGATION-HARVEST-CHILIAN ARMY-STATE OF THE COUNTRY-MANNER OF RECRUITING THE ARMY-TREATMENT OF SLAVES-DEATH OF BENJAMIN HOLDEN A PARTY FOR THE INTERIOR-PREPARATIONS FOR THE JOURNEY-PASSPORTS-MR. -EARTHQUAKE-ROUTE UP THE VALLEY OF CAXAVILLO-FACE OF COUNTRY-ST. ROSA DE QUIVI-YASO-OBRAJILLO-DIFFICULTIES IN PROCURING MULES-BEAUTY OF SITUATION-LLAMAS-RIOTERS-PLUNDERING OF INHABITANTS-CULNAI-LA VINDA-VEGETATION-MULETEERS ENCOUNTERED-REACH THE CREST OF THE CORDILLERAS-CASA CANCHA-ITS ACCOMMODATIONS-COOKING RANGE SICKNESS OF PARTY-SNOW-STORM-ALPAMARCA-COMPANY OF PERUVIANS-THEIR ATTEN- TIONS-PROCESS OF AMALGAMATION OF ORE-MR. BEVAN-VISIT TO THE MINE- FACE OF THE MOUNTAIN-ROAD-BANOS-HOT SPRING-BEAUTY OF VALLEY-VE- GETATION-THREATENED ATTACK OF A CONDOR-PORTRAIT-INCIDENTS RELATING TO IT-DESCRIPTION OF BANOS-ITS HABITATIONS-STATE OF HORSES-RETURN TO CASA CANCHA-CHILIAN CONVOY FROM PASCO-PASCO-MINES-VEINS OF ORE- NUMBER OF MINES IN OPERATION-LAWS IN RELATION TO SILVER MINED-DUTIES -HILL OF RACO NEW SPECULATIONS IN 1840 DIFFICULTIES IN PURCHASING MINES THE POLITICAL STATE OF THE COUNTRY ADVERSE TO THIS BUSINESS- TEMPERATURE-BEAUTY OF SITUATION OF CASA CANCHA-THEIR DEPARTURE ON THEIR RETURN-LINE OF PERPETUAL SNOW-AMMONITE-CHICRINE-TRAVELLING - FRENCHMAN-HIS COMPLIMENTS-CULNAI-CULTIVATION-HOSPITALITY -OBRAJILLO-ACCOMMODATIONS-WANT OF GALLANTRY-GUIDES-SETTLEMENT— BRIDAL PARTY-YASO-ROBBERY-YANGA-HOSTESS-ANGELITA-CABALLEROS-RE- TURN TO LIMA-BOTANICAL REVIEW-GEOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF THE COUNTRY -FLYING-FISH SENT TO PACHACAMAC-LANDING-TEMPLE-TOWN-TOMBS-THEIR OF MAJOR ROSEL - - - SELF-AGGRANDIZEMENT THE OBJECT OF RULERS-END OF REVOLUTIONARY WAR- - --- CHILIAN ARMY-CHILIAN GOVERNMENT REFUSES TO RATIFY THE TREATY-LE GION OF HONOUR DISCONTENT AT SANTA CRUZ'S POLICY-WAR AGAIN COM MENCED-EXPEDITION FROM CHILI-INVASION OF PERU-BATTLE OF LIMA—LIMA ΤΑΚΕΝ ORBEJOSO ESCAPES GAMARRA NAMED PRESIDENT MARCHES UPON LIMA-CHILIANS EMBARK-LAND AT HUARA-PURSUED BY SANTA CRUZ-BATTLE OF YUNGAI-SANTA CRUZ TOTALLY DEFEATED-ESCAPES TO LIMA -THENCE TO AREQUIPA-SEEKS REFUGE ON BOARD A BRITISH SHIP OF WAR- BULNES SAILS AGAIN FOR CALLAO-DISEMBARKS HIS TROOPS-TAKES POSSESSION OF LIMA-CONGRESS CONVOKED-GAMARRA ELECTED PRESIDENT -RESULTS OF BATTLE OF YUNGAI-BULNES WITH HIS ARMY RETURNS TO CHILI-GAMARRA GOES TO AID BOLIVIA-HIS FORCES ROUTED, AND HIMSELF KILLED-CHARACTER OF BOLIVAR-LA MAR-GAMARRA-LAFUENTE-ORBEJOSO-SALAVERRY-SANTA CRUZ -HIS ACTS-COMMERCE-PERU AND CHILI-IMPORTS-EXPORTS-TRADE WITH THE STORE-SHIP RELIEF-EDWIN BARTLETT, ESQ.-EDWARD M'CALL, ESQ.-DEPARTURE- - TO THE SHIP-INHABITANTS-CATCHING FISH-LEAVE-TAKING GALE-NARROW RACTER OF ITS INHABITANTS-POPULATION.... ....... - 307-345 INTRODUCTION. THE Expedition, a narrative of the operations of which is now laid before the public, was the first, and is still the only one fitted out by national munificence for scientific objects, that has ever left our shores. It would, therefore, appear proper that a more minute account of its outfit should be given, thar could be expected of one despatched by an older nation. This is more particularly the case, as a great part of the difficulties it had to encounter, occurred previously to its sailing. I would not, however, have the reader to believe that I intend to enter into details of transactions of which, perhaps, no one knows the origin, or to speculate on the causes that operated to prevent its sailing within a reasonable time after the passage of the Act of Congress directing it to be undertaken. The command of the Exploring Expedition devolved upon me, by orders from the Hon. Mahlon Dickerson, then Secretary of the Navy, on the 20th March, 1838. At that time, great confusion existed in its organization. It is unnecessary, and would be out of place here, to enter into its previous history. It is sufficient to refer to the fact, that it had already been denounced as an entire and complete failure, and that I was instructed to organize it anew. Whatever others are disposed to think, I am inclined to believe, that the originating, getting up, and getting off a first National Expedition, is a work of no small difficulty, and this is much increased by the public thinking, talking of, 2* (xiii) and interfering too much with it. I felt this myself, although it did not cause me much difficulty. The successive resignations of the different officers who had been appointed to the command, led every body to look upon it with disgust, and, in consequence, my road was clear, or comparatively unembarrassed. The very state of things that brought the Expedition into general disrepute, was of great advantage to me, for I was left to perform my duties unmolested. One of the difficulties I had to encounter, was to make a selection from the numerous articles provided, and this was a work of no ordinary kind. They may have been all useful, and perhaps necessary for a larger Squadron; but if all had been embarked, every vessel of the Squadron would have been filled. Every expense that could be lavished on its equipment had been incurred. One rule of action soon brought me to dispose of the whole: this was the capacity to stow them; and parts of each were accordingly selected for the new order of things. On the 20th of April, I was informed that the vessels appointed for this service were the sloops of war Vincennes and Peacock, the brig Porpoise, and store-ship Relief. The tenders Sea-Gull and Flying-Fish were subsequently added. The Relief was the only one of the vessels that had belonged to the original Squadron. On this reduction of force, it became necessary to change the organization, not only in point of numbers, but also to bring the officers into more intimate connexion with the scientific duties. This was done by placing all those departments that in any way appertained or belonged to our profession under my direction, with officers of the navy for assistants. The size and accommodation of the vessels naturally led to the reduction of those departments that were placed under the corps of civilians, including naturalists as well as artists. As many of these were taken as could be accommodated. The selection was made with much deliberation, and with great impartiality. Reference was had to the departments in which results were most to be expected, and most desired by the country. The only new one added was the Horticulturist and Assistant-Botanist, Mr. Brackenridge. After the 20th of April, every exertion was made to forward the various out. fits. By the 7th July, the Vincennes and Peacock were taken charge of, and dropped down between the forts at Norfolk, and it was determined that the Squadron should rendezvous in Hampton Roads. On the following day, the seamen were transferred from the Macedonian, which had been the flag-ship under the original organization. I felt some solicitude about the crews. They |