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10. Why the genus is ordina-
rily made use of in defini-
tions.

11. General and universal are
creatures of the under-
standing.

12. Abstract ideas are the es-
sences of the genera and
species.

13. They are the workmanship
of the understanding, but
have their foundation in
the similitude of things.
14. Each distinct abstract idea
is a distinct essence.

15. Real and nominal essence.

16. Constant connexion be-

tween the name and no-

minal essence.

17. Supposition, that species

are distinguished by their

real essences, useless.

18. Real and nominal essence

the same in simple ideas

and modes, different in

substances.

19. Essences ingenerable and

incorruptible.

20. Recapitulation.

CHAP. IV.

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11. Simple ideas, why unde.
finable further explained.
12, 13. The contrary showed in
complex ideas by instances.
of a statue and rainbow.
14. The names of complex
ideas when to be made in-
telligible by words.
15. Fourthly, Names of sim-
ple ideas least doubtful.
16. Fifthly, Simple ideas have
few ascents in linea præ-
dicamentali.

17. Sixthly, Names of simple
ideas, stand for ideas not

at all arbitrary.

1. They stand for abstract ideas

as other general names.

2. First, The ideas they stand

for are made by the under-

standing.

3. Secondly, made arbitrarily,

and without patterns.

4. How this is done.

5. Evidently arbitrary, in that
the idea is often before the

existence.

6. Instances, murther, incest,

stabbing.

7. But still subservient to the

end of language.

8. Whereof the intranslatable
words of divers languages
are a proof.

9. This shows species to be
made for communication.
10, 11. In mixed modes, it is the
name that ties the combi-
nation together, and makes
it a species.

12. For the originals of mixed

modes, we look no farther

than the mind, which also

shows them to be the work-
manship of the understand-
ing.

13. Their being made by the
understanding without pat-

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23. Species not distinguished
by generation.

24. Not by substantial forms.
25. The specific essences are
made by the mind.
26, 27. Therefore very various and
uncertain.

28. But not so arbitrary as
mixed modes.

29. Though very imperfect.
30. Which yet serve for com-

mon converse.

31. But make several essences,
signified by the same name.
32. The more general our ideas
are, the more incomplete
and partial they are.
33. This all accommodated to
the end of speech.

34. Instance in cassuaries.
35. Men make the species.
Instance gold.

36. Though nature makes the
similitude.

37. And continues it in the
races of things.

38. Each abstract idea is an

essence.

39. Genera and species are in
order to naming.
In-
stance, watch.

40. Species of artificial things.
less confused than natural.
41. Artificial things of distinct
species.

42. Substances alone have pro-
per names.

43. Difficulty to treat of words
with words.

44, 45. Instances of mixed modes
in kineah and niouph.
46, 47. Instance of substances in
zahab.

48. Their ideas imperfect, and
therefore various.
49. Therefore to fix their spe-
cies, a real essence is sup-
posed.
50. Which supposition is of

no use.

51. Conclusion.

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OF

HUMAN UNDERSTANDING.

BOOK I. CHAP. I.

Introduction.

useful.

1. SINCE it is the understanding, that An enquiry sets man above the rest of sensible beings, into the unand gives him all the advantage and domi- derstanding, nion, which he has over them; it is cer- pleasant and tainly a subject, even for its nobleness, worth our labour to inquire into. The understanding, like the eye, whilst it makes us see and perceive all other things, takes no notice of itself; and it requires art and pains to set it at a distance, and make it its own object. But, whatever be the difficulties that lie in the way of this inquiry; whatever it be, that keeps us so much in the dark to ourselves; sure I am, that all the light we can let in upon our own minds, all the acquaintance we can make with our own understandings, will not only be very pleasant, but bring us great advantage, in directing our thoughts in the search of other things.

§2. This, therefore, being my purpose, Design. to inquire into the original, certainty, and extent of human knowledge; together with the grounds and degrees of belief, opinion, and assent; I shall not at present meddle with the physical consideration of the mind; or trouble myself to examine, wherein its essence consists, or by what motions of our spirits,

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