of the Government of the United States, with which it desires to maintain itself in friendly understanding. "The undersigned brings this already long communication to a close in the assurance that he has therein set forth everything that can fully satisfy your Government. The Government of Chile cherishes the conviction that the relations with the Government of the United States should be sincerely and cordially maintained under the shelter of that mutual respect and that good understanding which are based upon the just and equitable appreciation of the facts, and on the appreciation to be given to the spontaneous declarations made on either side. The undersigned moreover declares that in presenting its explanations his Government finds its inspiration in the words of the instructions which you have quoted and which assure the Government of Chile that the President is not disposed to exact or ask anything which your Government would not under the same circumstances spontaneously concede." Mr. Pereira, Chilean min. of for. aff., to Mr. Egan, American min., accompanying telegram of Mr. Egan to Mr. Blaine, Jan. 25, 1892, For. Rel. 1891, 309. "Congress at the last session was kept advised of the progress of the serious and for a time threatening differences between the United States and Chile. It gives me now great gratification to report that the Chilean Government, in a most friendly and honorable spirit, has tendered and paid as an indemnity to the families of the sailors of the Baltimore who were killed and to those who were injured in the outbreak in the city of Valparaiso the sum of $75,000. This has been accepted, not only as an indemnity for a wrong done, but as a most gratifying evidence that the Government of Chile rightly appreciates the disposition of this Government to act in a spirit of the most absolute fairness and friendliness in our intercourse with that brave people. A further and conclusive evidence of the mutual respect and confidence now existing is furnished by the fact that a convention submitting to arbitration the mutual claims of the citizens of the respective Governments has been agreed upon. Some of these claims have been pending for many years and have been the occasion of much unsatisfactory diplomatic correspondence. "I have endeavored in every way to assure our sister republics of Central and South America that the United States Government and its people have only the most friendly disposition toward them all. We do not covet their territory. We have no disposition to be oppressive or exacting in our dealings with any of them, even the weakest. Our interests and our hopes for them all lie in the direction of stable governments by their people and of the largest development of their great commercial resources. The mutual benefits of enlarged commercial exchanges and of a more familiar and friendly intercourse between our peoples we do desire, and in this have sought their friendly cooperation. "I have believed, however, while holding these sentiments in the greatest sincerity, that we must insist upon a just responsibility for any injuries inflicted upon our official representatives or upon our citizens. This insistence, kindly and justly, but firmly made, will, I believe, promote peace and mutual respect.' President Harrison, annual message, Dec. 6, 1892, For. Rel. 1892, XIII. In 1883 Alfonso XII. of Spain, accompanied by the Queen, visited the courts of Vienna, Berlin, and Brussels. While Case of Alfonso XII. he was in Germany, the Emperor invested him with the colonelcy of the Uhlan regiment, stationed at Strasburg. Owing to this circumstance, the King when he reached Paris was hissed and hooted at by the mob as he passed along the streets. Next day he was called upon at the Spanish embassy by President Grevy, who expressed regret for what had happened. The King shortened his visit and left the next day, but the incident was disposed of by the publication in the Official Gazette at Madrid of an account of what took place at the embassy on President Grevy's visit and of the apology there made by the latter. Calvo, Le Droit International, 4th edition, sec. 1272; Annual Register, 1883 (273). case. August 14, 1885, news was received in Madrid that Yap, in the Caroline Islands archipelago of the Carolines, had been occupied by German forces. "Ten days later the public mind had become thoroughly roused, and a meeting, said to have numbered 150,000 people in the Prado at Madrid, testified to the widespread indignation. According to the fuller particulars forwarded by letter, the imperial flag had been hoisted by the commander of the Itlis in the presence of three Spanish men-of-war, and the senior officer in command had limited his action to a protest. An outburst of popular feeling and mob violence followed the publication of this version of the proceedings, the German legation was surrounded (Sept. 4), and the escutcheon and flagstaff were pulled down and burnt, with cries of Death to Germany!' .. Numerous arrests were made, but popular feeling ran high, not only in Madrid, but in many large towns, and the outcry against Germany was almost, if not quite, unanimous throughout the country." The Spanish King and Government, however, conducted themselves with "tact and prudence;" they expressed regret for what had occurred and tendered reparation for the material injury done to the German embassy; their advances were accepted by Germany; the question as to the islands was referred to the mediation of the Pope; and thus the incident was settled. Annual Register, 1885 (289); Calvo, Le Droit International, 4th ed., sec. 1272. 9. CASES IN TURKEY. § 1030. "Important matters have demanded attention in our relations with the Ottoman Porte. "The firing and partial destruction, by an unrestrained mob, of one of the school buildings of Anatolia College, established by citizens of the United States at Marsovan, and the apparent indifference of the Turkish Government to the outrage, nothwithstanding the complicity of some of its officials, called for earnest remonstrance, which was followed by promises of reparation and punishment of the offenders. "Indemnity for the injury to the buildings has already been paid, permission to rebuild given, registration of the school property in the name of the American owners secured, and efficient protection guaranteed." President Cleveland, annual message, Dec. 4, 1893, For. Rel. 1893, x. "While the physical safety of all citizens of the United States appears up to the present date to have been secured, their property has, on at least two recent occasions, been destroyed in the course of local outbursts at Harpoot and Marash. "The details of the Harpoot destruction have so far been only meagerly reported, although it took place about the middle of November. It is stated that the buildings at that place were set on fire separately by Koords and citizens, in the presence of the Turkish soldiery, during an Armenian riot. Besides the chapel, girls' theological school and seminary building, the ladies' house, boarding house, and residences of three American missionaries were burned, the aggregate loss on the buildings, personal property, stock, fixtures, and apparatus being estimated in the neighborhood of $100,000. The United States minister has notified the Porte that the Turkish Government will be held responsible for the immediate and full satisfaction of all injuries on that score. "The American Missionary School of Science at Marash was burned during a sanguinary outbreak on November 19. The value of the property destroyed has not been ascertained, but after prompt investigation the minister will make like demand for adequate indemnity." Report of Mr. Olney, Sec. of State, to the President, Dec. 19, 1895, S. Doc. 33, 54 Cong. 1 sess.; For. Rel. 1895, II. 1257. H. Doc. 551-vol 6- -55 See, as to these cases, For. Rel. 1895, II. 1340, 1349-1350, 1356, 1357– 1358, 1369, 1370-1380, 1395, 1407, 1416, 1423, 1434, 1444, 1446–1447. For a note to the Porte, expressing thanks for the meritorious conduct of certain Turkish officers at Harpoot and elsewhere, see For. Rel. 1895, II. 1382. Tevfik Pasha, minister of foreign affairs, in a note to Mr. Terrell. Feb. 14, 1896, maintained that in the disturbances at Harpoot and Marash" the local authorities and imperial troops " made every effort for the protection of the property and lives of Americans, who had made acknowledgment of the measures taken for their safety, and that Turkey consequently was not obliged to indemnify them for their losses. He denied that any pillage was committed in the houses of the American missionaries. He also advanced that a government is not responsible for damage necessarily done in defending itself against an insurrection. Mr. Olney, Oct. 17, 1896, replied that this doctrine of irresponsibility went much beyond "the very generally stated principle of international law that a government is not liable for damage to local interests of foreigners by the acts of uncontrollable insurgents," and "would appear to expand that doctrine to include irresponsibility for acts of the Government in repressing insurrection;" and that, in either case, it wholly ignored "the responsibility of Turkey for spoliations and injuries committed by its authorities or agents themselves upon the persons and property of American citizens," of which spoliations and injuries there was declared to be abundant proof. The Turkish answer was therefore pronounced to be "entirely inadmissible." Referring, on Oct. 28, 1896, to affidavits from Harpoot establishing the complicity of the Turkish soldiers in the burning and plundering of the American college in that city, the United States said: "That the premises of American citizens were inadequately guarded, fired upon by Turkish shot and shell, pillaged by Turkish soldiery, and left for hours to the unchecked ravages of fire, seems to be fully established, and in the face of such evidence the plea advanced in Mavroyeni Bey's note on behalf of the Ottoman Porte is utterly untenable, to say nothing of the almost conclusive proof of collusion between the garrison and the attacking Kurds. No room is discernible for the application of the limited and jealously qualified rule of international law relative to the irresponsibility of a government for the acts of uncontrollable insurgents. The negligence of the authorities and the acts of their own agents are here in question, not the deeds of the Kurds, nor still less of the supposed Armenian rebels on whom the Porte seems to seek to throw the responsibility of these burnings and pillagings." Mr. Olney, Sec. of State, to Mr. Terrell, min. to Turkey, Oct. 17, 1896, As to the proof of complicity or connivance of the Turkish officials, see "We have made claims against the Turkish Government for the pillage and destruction of missionary property at Harpoot and Marash during uprisings at those places. Thus far the validity of these demands has not been admitted, though our minister, prior to such outrages and in anticipation of danger, demanded protection for the persons and property of our missionary citizens in the localities mentioned, and notwithstanding that strong evidence exists of actual complicity of Turkish soldiers in the work of destruction and robbery. "The facts as they now appear do not permit us to doubt the justice of these claims, and nothing will be omitted to bring about their prompt settlement." President Cleveland, annual message, Dec. 7, 1896, For. Rel. 1896, xxvIII. "None of our citizens in Turkey have thus far been killed or wounded, though often in the midst of dreadful scenes of danger." (Ibid.) Mrs. Haiganoosh S. Abdalian, widow of Dr. Nahabed Y. Abdalian, a naturalized American citizen, who was killed during the disturbances at Gurun, Turkey, made a claim against the Turkish Government for $50,000 for the murder of her husband, $10,000 for imprisonment, bodily suffering, distress of mind, and the death of an infant child, caused by starvation and exposure, and $1,312 for the pillage and destruction of property belonging to her husband and herself. The whole claim amounted to $61,312. The Turkish Government replied that it could not admit the principle of granting indemnities for claims “arising out of the disorders which took place in certain localities of the Empire." The Turkish Government made the same reply in respect of the claim of Levon H. Seyranian for the destruction of personal property in the village of Huseinig. Referring to the Turkish reply in the case of Abdalian, the United States said: "In every case of this kind the Turkish Government either ignores or distorts the abundantly supported contention of this Government that the injuries to American property during the recent disorders were suffered through the insufficiency of the protective measures afforded. A government being able to quell and not quelling such disorders, and damage to American property having resulted, the United States contends that Turkey can be held responsible under a well-recognized principle of international law." Mr. Sherman, Sec. of State, to Mr. Angell, min. to Turkey, Aug. 23, 1897, |