Overhead Costs: Some Essays in Economic Analysis

abnormal profits advertising allocation argument assets average cost buyers charter rates co-operative commodity competing competition consumer's surplus consumers consumption department store distribution economic economies of scale effect efficiency elasticity of demand electricity entrepreneur equal escapable cost escapable indivisible excess capacity firm fixed charge fluctuations forms of retailing freights Government increase indivisible cost indivisible expenses industry inescapable less licensing long-run loyalty manufacturers marginal cost monopolists monopoly nationalised number of customers number of shops off-peak optimum out-of-pocket expense output outward rates patent peak perfect competition period price discrimination price maintenance principle problem production profits public corporation purchases quantity discount rail tracks railway rebates reduce resale price maintenance restrict rise road and rail road transport sell seller shipowners ships shopkeeper subsidy sumers supply surplus tion trade combinations trading stamps traffic transport costs tribunal two-part charging two-part tariff undertaking unit variable charge