less, foodless, but confident, rushed forward | He could reason out the circumstances of over the world. A man to lead them must the siege, but could see no reason why he either win, or himself be of the character should, unaided, defeat the besiegers; which imparts hope; and Trochu could not impart it, for he had it not, had none of that effluent confidence and belief in the run of events which its owner can pour like wine into the souls of other men. He was a pessimist, a man who expected circumstances to be unfavourable, who was for himself rather braced by the expectation, but who necessarily diminished the power of others of a different type. It is alleged that he feared, or rather distrusted the Reds, and frequently avoided energetic action lest Belleville should take advantage of his movement. That, if a weakness, is one quite in accordance with his character. Only the sanguine, only those who can dream Utopian dreams sincerely trust the Socialists, and not trusting them, it is likely that their existence would act as a cause of perpetual depression. At all events, this depression is, we believe, the cause of Trochu's failure.

and the possibility of victory against reason never entered his mind, while he was not of the temperament which without reason could sacrifice 50,000 lives upon a mere experiment. Gambetta is probably Trochu's inferior in all matters of detailed organization, and had he been Dictator in Paris he might have failed to make it what it is, the best fortified camp that ever existed in the world; but had Gambetta been inside Paris, the siege would have been raised, or victors and vanquished would have been "in one red burial blent." It was just the difference which would exist between the man by nature Orleanist and the man by nature Republican, the difference between the cold and the burning imagination; and it is because we see that the latter so rouses Frenchmen, that we believe Republicanism is of the two the fitter instrument to bring out what there is in France.

From The Athenæum.

the southerly drift on which the Arctic ice is THE NORTH GERMAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION slowly borne. They were about twenty miles AMID news of battles, sieges and painful di- from the shore; bears and foxes visited them; plomacy, the return of the North German Ex-regular watches and discipline were maintained; ploring Expedition to Bremen will scarcely be noticed; and yet its labours have involved conflict with danger and heroic endurance which command admiration, and remind us of the touching narratives of polar adventure written by English pioneers of Arctic discovery two hundred years ago. In May of last year the steamer Germania, with the schooner Hansa as a tender, sailed to explore the Arctic Sea, and push as far as possible towards the Pole. The Germania, having parted company, wintered in lat. 74° N., on the coast of East Greenland, and sent out sledge parties which travelled up the coast to 77° N., from which it will be understood that an important addition to our geographical knowledge has been made. The ship has recently returned to Bremen, all well.

The same good fortune has not attended the Hansa. After parting company as above mentioned, she was steered to the northwards in pursuance of instructions, and in endeavouring to force a passage through the ice became beset, and on the 19th of September was completely frozen in, in lat. 73° 6m N., long. 19° 18m W. This was the beginning of tribulation. The ice accumulated about the vessel, and nipped her so severely that in October she sank. Provisions, cordage, with other stores, and the boats, had previously been taken out and stacked on the huge floe to which the crew, fourteen persons in all, had escaped. There they built themselves a house with lumps of coal, planks and sails, and so passed the winter; trusting to

and by the end of December they had drifted down to 68°. A few days later, in storm and migt, the floe broke up; their house was destroyed; escape seemed hopeless; five nights they passed in the boats awaiting the final destruction of the floe, which, from some miles in circumference, had been reduced to about 200 paces. The southerly drift continued. On the 7th of May of the present year, they were down to 61° 12m; Cape Farewell could not be far distant; they took to the boats, and, on half rations, battled a way through and over the ice to the shore. On the 13th of June they entered a bay, and found themselves at the Friedrichsthal mission station; and their long and perilous voyage came to an end. The Eskimos of the place were amazed that any one survived such a weary drift upon a field of ice. From the mission station the adventurers went on to Julianshaab, whence they got a passage to Copenhagen, and landed in that port on the 1st of September.

Among this brave party were Dr. Gustav Laube, of the University of Vienna, and Dr. Buchholz, of the University of Griefswalde, who were attached to the expedition for scientific purposes. The Committee of Management have resolved that a sketch of the adventurous voyage shall be forthwith published in Petermann's Mittheilungen, to be speedily followed by a separate narrative, with illustrations, and ultimately by the scientific reports; in which our knowledge of meteorology and of ocean currents will be much increased.

No. 1397.-March 11, 1871.

CONTENTS.

1. LIVES OF THE LORD CHANCELLORS OF IRELAND, Quarterly Review,.
2. SEED-TIME AND HARVEST: or, DURING MY AP-
PRENTICESHIP. Part XI. Translated for
The Living Age from the Platt-Deutsch
of

643

.

Fritz Reuter,.

666

POETRY.

642 AN OLD SEA-PORT,

THE DARK WOOD. By William G. Morris, 642 SONNET, .
THE FIRST SUNRISE,

642

MISCELLANY,

665, 669, 682, 685

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From The Quarterly Review. LIVES OF THE LORD CHANCELLORS OF

IRELAND.*

as

the first volume of his "History of Ireland," a literary lady was kind enough to suggest to him the "History of Ireland" IT has been wittily said that bad books make good reviews, as bad wine and he frankly admitted the suggestion an appropriate subject for his pen; makes good vinegar. If this were true, to be a fair test of the limited circulation the critics ought to be grateful to Mr. of his book, which (so far as he had then O'Flanagan for the opportunity afforded gone) was exclusively conversant with them by his "Lives of the Lord Chancelrude traditions, apocryphal heroes, and lors of Ireland." It is a bad book, almythical events, which read better in pothough, with judicious correction and curetry than prose. Warned by his examtailment, it may eventually take rank as a ple, we have nothing to say to personages useful compilation. Notwithstanding the like Cormac Mac Art, monarch of Ireamount of anxious labour bestowed upon land, A.D. 227, who, we are assured by the composition, we cannot say materiam Mr. O'Flanagan, "was distinguished for superabat opus; for the conception is bet- his devotion to literature, and is said to ter than the execution, and the materials have regained his ancestral throne by his rise superior to the arrangement and the style. Till within living memory, owing to political causes, the Irish Woolsack was practically reserved for Englishmen. The lives of the Lord Chancellors of Ireland, therefore, are almost exclusively the lives of English lawyers; so that the nicest discrimination was required in selecting such portions as relate to their judicial career in Ireland and compressing or rapidly glancing over the rest. Not marking this peculiarity of his subject, Mr. O'Flanagan has overloaded it with general history, English and Irish. But he is rich in traditions and reminiscences; he is well versed in Irish Memoirs and Biographies: he is trustworthy, if not always apposite in his citations; and blunders honestly when he blunders (which he does very often) in his dates. In a word, despite of its manifold defects, we have found the book capital gleaning ground, and we hope by means of it to illustrate and place in broad relief the most eventful passages of the forensic annals of Ireland - annals forming the brightest pages of her history, the pages of which she has most reason to be proud, almost the only pages which she might write without a blot and

read without a tear.

Thomas Moore was wont to relate how, some time after the publication of

The Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of Ireland, from the Earliest Times to the Reign of Queen Victoria. By J. Roderick O'Flanagan, M.R.I.A., Barrister-at-Law, Author of "Recollections of the Irish Bar," the "Bar Life of O'Connell," &c. In two volumes. London, 1870.

intellectual powers;" nor do we care to meddle in detail with the Chancellors who flourished in the dark ages, from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century, when the office was more political than judicial, and was indiscriminately bestowed on lawyers, churchmen, powerful nobles, and men of the sword. Thus, in 1449, Richard, Duke of York, being appointed Viceroy of Ireland, made his son, Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland, Lord Chancellor. In 1483 the Great Seal was entrusted to Sir Thomas Fitz Gerald (brother of the Earl of Kildare, Lord-Deputy), who, on the civil war breaking out anew, resigned it for the battle-axe, and fell fighting valiantly in the command of a division at the battle of Stoke. Nicholas, Lord Howth, led the billmen on foot at the wellnamed battle of Knocktough (hill of slaughter), fought on August 10, 1504, and was appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland in 1509.

on each side of the Irish channel; and we Archiepiscopal Chancellors abounded so repeatedly find the Great Seal in the possession of an Archbishop of Dublin, that the dignities seem to have had an affinity to each other at these early stages

of civil and ecclesiastical administration. One of the most remarkable instances was that of John Alan, Wolsey's chaplain, whom, in 1528, the then all powerful cardinal made Archbishop and Lord Chancellor at once. This double elevation took place in open defiance of that famous Earl of Kildare of whom so many strange

stories are related. One, tolerably well | ligion, varied by feasting and visiting, in a known, that on a Lord of the Council say- most extraordinary manner." Their proing"All Ireland cannot govern that ceedings at Wexford, as officially reported, Earl," the King (Henry VIII.) declared may suffice for a specimen :"Then that Earl shall govern all Ireland," "There, the Sunday, my Lord of Dublin and forthwith made him viceroy. Another, preached, having a very great audience, when that when he was accused before the same also were published the King's injunctions. The council of having set fire to a cathedral, | day following we kept the Sessions there both he excused himself on the ground that he | for the city and the shire, where was put to exbelieved the archbishop was in it at the ecution four felons, accompanied with another, time. And here arises the grave question, a friar, whom, among the residue, we comwhether the archbishop whom he meant to manded to be hanged in his habit, and so to reroast, was or was not the cardinal's hated main upon the gallows for a mirror to all his nominee. We find that one of Kildare's brethren to live truly." first acts as Lord-Deputy was to take away the Great Seal from Alan, and confer it on the Archbishop of Armagh. It further appears that the feud between Alan and the Fitz Geralds led to his death by violence. During one of their insurrectionary movements against the constituted authorities, after vainly trying to escape to England, he was seized in his bed by a party of the Geraldines, and dragged half-naked before Lord Offaly, the son of his dreaded foe. He fell on his knees and besought the young lord to forget former injuries and respect his calling. Lord Offaly, meaning to spare him, exclaimed in Irish-Beir naim an bodach

(Take away the churl), which his followers unfortunately misinterpreted, and immediately beat out the Archbishop's brains.

"The Chancellor," remarks Mr. O'Flanagan," in these primitive days, had very extensive jurisdiction, and a proportionate sphere of duty. Besides presiding in the Court of Chancery, attending Parliament, and assisting the Lord-Deputy with his advice; ministering to the wants of his diocese, and the important functions of an archbishop or bishop, he presided as Judge of Assize, and disposed of the business civil and criminal. The absence of the Chancellor in England, in 1380, caused the

assizes which were to be holden before him to lapse."

The salary at the institution of the office (1214, temp. Henry III.) was forty marks a year, exclusive of fees and perquisites; out of which was to be maintained a special body guard of six men-at-arms and six archers fully equipped for the protec tion of the Great Seal. It would appear from an application of Alan's to Lord Cromwell in 1531, that the salary, besides being retained at this low figure, was somewhat irregularly paid:·

"And here with us I cannot have the forty mark fee of the Chancellorship, now two years and a half past in arrear, nor yet such money as I laid out upon the King's letters, as well for ships and mariners' wages, as for reparation done in the King's Chancery, also his castle. Sir, afore God I desire none translation, nor any manner of benefice of cure, or yet of dignity, but only (if it might please the King's highness to have some compassion upon me) a prebend which should cause no murmur of absenty from thence, whereby I might keep a dozen yeomen archers in wages and livery, when I lie in the marches upon the Church lands, to keep me in the King's service from his Irish enemies and English rebels. So knoweth God, who may send you (when I am out of half my debt) this next year, one hobby, one hawk, and one Limerick mantle, which three things be all the commodities for a gentleman's pleasure in these parts."

The last of the archiepiscopal ChancelThe mixed character of the office may lors of Ireland was Boyle, Archbishop account for the novel description of duty of Dublin in 1663 when he received the undertaken by the Lord Chancellor (Trim- Great Seal, and Archbishop of Armagh in lestown) in 1537, "who, with the Arch- 1678. He continued in uninterrupted posbishop and other members of the council, session of the office for the unprecedented undertook a converting circuit, which period of twenty-two years, and it was as jumbled preaching, hanging, law, and re-lan octogenarian, no longer equal to the