a measure for party purposes which I think it would not become me to adopt."

It added to the discomfiture of the Federalists in the campaign that their own party became rent by factions and that Adams finally felt called upon to force out of his cabinet Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State, and James McHenry, his Secretary of War. Hamilton set himself to work to bring in Pinckney ahead of Adams, in which he was aided by Adams' own Secretary of the Treasury, Oliver Wolcott. Adams relied upon the moderate Federalists and denounced the ultras among his Massachusetts neighbors who were plotting against him, as an "Essex Junto," a name which has remained in history. The campaign was an exceedingly bitter one and the Federalists' abuse of Jefferson has not been surpassed by the mendacity and virulence of any succeeding campaign. No new States had been admitted in Adams' administration and there were sixteen States to take part in the election, six of which had popular elections. The result of the election gave Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr each 73 votes, John Adams 65, Pinckney 64, and John Jay 1.

There being a tie between Jefferson and Burr, an intrigue was immediately set on foot among the Federalists to vote for Burr and prevent the election of Jefferson, to which Burr lent, if not an active co-operation, a willing acquiescence. The election devolved upon the House, voting by States, and the balloting began on February 11, 1801. It is to the credit of Hamilton that, as heartily as he hated Jefferson, he still more strongly distrusted Burr and threw his influence against the proposal to elect him by Federalist

votes. The House resolved to continue in session, without proceeding to other business, until a President should be chosen.

Eight States voted for Jefferson on the first ballot, to wit: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky and Tennessee. Six States voted for Burr, to wit: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware and South Carolina. Vermont and Maryland, being equally divided, voted blank. Every succeeding ballot disclosed the same result until finally, on the thirty-sixth ballot, taken on the 17th of February, Mr. Jefferson received the votes of ten States and Mr. Burr of four States. The Federalist member from Vermont declining to vote, Matthew Lyon, the Irishman who had been persecuted under the Sedition law, cast the vote of that State for Jefferson. The four Federalists from Maryland who had tied the vote of that State also refrained from voting, and Maryland voted for Jefferson. Delaware and South Carolina cast blank votes. Thus Mr. Jefferson became President, with Aaron Burr as Vice-President.

CHAPTER IV.

HISTORY UNDER PRESIDENT

JEFFERSON, 1801-1809.

HE lesson taught by the tie vote between Jefferson and Burr at the election in 1800 led to an amendment to the Constitution requiring that the electors, in future elections, should "name in their ballots the person voted for as President and, in distinct ballots, the person voted for as Vice-President." This is the Twelfth Amendment, which was declared adopted on September 25, 1804.

The election of Jefferson was a political revolution; so understood by the people of both parties, and intended by Jefferson himself, not only to reverse the centralizing and monarchical legislation of the past, but at once to do away with the ceremonials borrowed from foreign governments, which were objectionable to his ideas of republican simplicity. He accordingly aimed to make his inauguration as simple as became the assumption of the chief magistracy by a private citizen of a free country. According to an English traveller, quoted in Randall's "Life of Jefferson," who speaks as an eye-witness of the occasion, "His dress was of plain cloth, and he rode on horseback to the Capitol, without a single guard or even a servant in his train, dismounted without assistance, and hitched the bridle