2. From uttering one or more elements that should not be 3. From substituting one element for another; as, ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH WORDS. Before proceeding to Phonetic Reading, under the head of EXERCISES IN ARTICULATION, the instructor will require the student to learn the following exhaustive, though simple, analysis; and the four special rules of Orthoëpy. ANALYSIS.-1st. The word SALVE, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of three oral elements; så v―salve. (Here let the pupil utter the three oral elements separately, and then pronounce the word.) The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic.' The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The third is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. 2d. The word SALVE, in writing, is represented by five letters; salve-salve. S represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence, it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of z; hence, it is a cognate of 2. A represents a tonic; hence, it is a vowel. Lis silent. V represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the lower lip and the upper teeth; hence, it is a labia-dental. Its oral element is formed by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of ƒ; hence, it is a cognate off. Eis silent. 1st. The word SHOE, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of two oral elements; sh ö-shoe. The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. 2d. The word SHOE, in writing, is represented by four letters; shoe-shoe. The combination sh represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence, it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the second element represented by 2; hence, it is a cognate of 2. The combination oe is formed by the union of two vowels, one of which is silent; hence, it is an improper diphthong. It represents the oral element usually represented by o; hence, it is an alphabetic equivalent of ö. 1 The analysis logical-It will be seen that this analysis is strictly logical; and that each conclusion is deduced from two premises, one of which (the major proposition) is suppressed. The first syllogism, fully stated, is as follows:-All modified breathings are Atonics; The oral element of s is a modified breathing; Hence, the oral element of 8 is an Atonic. SPECIAL RULES. 1. THE WORD A, when not emphatic, should be pronounced ǎ (a in at); as, Is not calm and serious study ǎ refuge, ǎ hope, à field within the reach of all of us? 2. THE, when neither emphatic nor immediately followed by a word that commences with a vowel sound, should be pronounced thŭ; as, The (thu) peace, the (thu) prosperity, the honor of the (thŭ) whole country are at stake. 3. U PRECEDED BY R.-When u long, or its alphabetic equivalent ew, is preceded by r, or the sound of sh, in the same syllable, it has always the sound of o in do; as in rude, sure, shrewd. 4. R MAY BE TRILLED when immediately followed by a vowel in the same syllable. When thus situated in emphatic words, it should always be trilled. EXERCISES IN ARTICULATION. For a further exercise, the students will analyze the separate words of each of the following sentences, and read the sentences several times, uttering all the oral elements with force and distinctness. 1. Thů hosts stud stil, in silent wůnder fikst. 2. A thouzånd shreks får hòplės mërsi kâl. 3. Thů fölishnes öv fölz iz fölli. 4. Now sét thủ těth and strẻch thủ nöstril wil. 5. Arm it with rågz, à pigmi strâ wil pērs it. 12. Thů whalz wheld ånd whêrld, ånd bård thår bråd båks. 13. No shèt når shroud enshrind thòz shredz öv shrivvld klå. 14. Thů bold, båd bâiz brók bolts ånd bårz. 15. Hiz iz mêzêrd ån azerd ski. 16. Stern, růgged nêrs! thì rijid lòr with pàshëns mėnỉ å yer shè bor. 17. Thou bådst him sã, sẽseth, apprōchěth, rējâísěth. 18. With horrid houlz hè hèvd thů hevvnz åbův. 19. Fam, fartyin, and frendz favật thủ far. 20. Thů pèvish, fèbl frèmån fèbli fât får frèdům. 21. Hi on å hil Hù herd hârsez hârni höfs. 22. He shringks from thů shrůgz, thů shril snrèks, ånd fhů srhoudz öv shröd shröz. 23. Amidst thů mists ånd koldest frösts, with bârêst rists ånd stoutest bòsts, hè thrůsts hiz fists ågenst thů posts, ånd stil insists hè sèz thủ gòsts. 24. A stärm årizÅth ôn thủ sẻ. A moděl vessel iz strůggling åmidst thů wâr öv éléments, kwivering ånd shivering, shringking ånd båttling lik å thingking being. Thů měrsilės, råking wherlwindz, lik fritfül fendz, houl ånd mòn, ånd send shårp, shril shrèks thrö fhů krèking kârdåj, snåpping thů shets ånd måsts. Thů stěrdi sálarz stånd to thår tåsks, ånd wether thů sévèrest stârm öv thủ sèzn. 25. Chast-id, cherisht Chěs! Thủ chảrmz ov thì chẻkerd chambérz chân mè chảnjléshi. Chamberlinz, chaplinz, and chänsellärz hảy chẳnted thì chěröbik châisněs. Chèftinz håv chànjd thů chåriôt ånd fhủ chàs får fhủ chẻs-bord and thủ chẳrming chẳrj ôv thủ chẻs-nits. Nó chỉling cher, no cheting chåfferer, nò chåttering chanjling kån bè thi chòzn chimpiỏn. Thon art thủ chassner öv thủ chërlish, thủ chidër iv thủ chànjåbl, thủ cherisher ov thủ chèrful ånd thủ chåritåbl. Får thẻ år thủ chåplets öv chanlês chåriti ånd fhů châlis öv childlik chèrfülnės. Chanj kån nôt chànj thẻ: from childhüd tỏ thủ chårnẻl-hous, from our fërst childish chěrpingz tổ thủ chilz ov thủ chẻrchyård, thou art our chèri, chànjlês chèftinės. II. SYLLABICATION. SYLLABLE is a word, or part of a word, uttered by a single impulse of the voice. 2. A MONOSYLLABLE is a word of one syllable; as, home. 3. A DISSYLLABLE is a word of two syllables; as, home-less. 4. A TRISYLLABLE is a word of three syllables; as, con-fine ment. 5. A POLYSYLLABLE is a word of four or more syllables; as, in-no-cen-cy, un-in-tel-li-gi-bil-i-ty. 6. THE ULTIMATE is the last syllable of a word; as ful, in peace-ful. 7. THE PENULT, or penultimate, is the last syllable but one of a word; as māk, in peace-mak-er. 8. THE ANTEPENULT, or antepenultimate, is the last syllable but two of a word; as ta, in spon-ta-ne-ous. 9. THE PREANTEPENULT, or preantepenultimate, is the last syllable but three of a word; as cab, in vo-cab-u-la-ry. FORMATION OF SYLLABLES. A single impulse of the voice can produce but one radical or opening and vanishing or gradually diminishing movement. Since a syllable is produced by a single impulse of the voice, it follows that only such an oral element, or order of oral elements, as gives but one radical and vanish movement, can enter into its formation. As the tonics can not be uttered separately without producing this movement, but one of them can enter into a single syllable; and, as this movement is all that is essential, each of the tonics may, by itself, form a syllable. Consistently with this, we find, whenever two tonics adjoin, they always belong to separate syllables in pronunciation, as in a-e-ri-al, i-o-ta, o-a-sis. Though elements can not be combined with a view to lengthen a syllable, by the addition of one tonic to another, as this would produce a new and separate impulse, yet a syllable may be lengthened by prefixing and affixing any number of |