The Roman remains of the villa in Lydney Park are described by C. W. King.

MacCaul, Rev. J. Britanno-Roman inscriptions, with critical notes. Toronto, 1863.

Kenrick. Historical Notes of the 9th and 6th Legions, York, 1867.

Watkin, W. T. Roman Lancashire, 1883.

Buckman, James, and Newmarch, C. H. Illustrations of the remains of Roman art in Cirencester, the site of ancient Corinium. London, 1850.

Wellbeloved, Charles. Eboracum or York under the Romans. York, 1842.

A hand-book of the Antiquities in the grounds and museum of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. Eighth edition. York: John Sampson, Publisher, Coney Street, 1891. That is a very useful publication.

Wright, Thomas. Uriconium, London, 1872.

Anderson, J. Corbet. The Roman City of Uriconium. London: J. Russell Smith, Soho Square, 1867.

Fox, George E. A guide to the Roman city of Uriconium at Wroxeter, Shropshire, Shrewsbury: Published for the Shropshire Archæological Society, and printed by Adnitt and Naunton, The Square, 1901.

That is a pamphlet sold at the ruins and is an admirable epitome by a scholar of unquestioned knowledge. I have used it, and anything else which I know to be by Mr. Fox, largely, in preparing the foregoing paper. It is illustrated by a plan and map.

A similar epitome by Mr. Fox may be found for Silchester in a Short Guide to the Silchester Collection, second edition, which is sold at the Reading Public Museum. This also contains an admirable annotated catalogue of the collection, by Mr. Fox.

S. Victor White & Co., Balgrave St., Reading, have published a long list of photographic views of Silchester. They also sell lantern slides of the views. They claim to take a new series of photographs every year under the direction of the Society of Antiquaries. I have no doubt that the claim is warranted for copies of the list were given to me at the

ruins and the pictures were spoken of highly by Mr. Fox and Mr. Stephenson.

As may have been surmised before, the principal source of information about Silchester (and the same may be said of Caerwent) is the reports and articles in Archaeologia.

ON THE ORIGIN OF THE CROSS SYMBOL.

BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES.

The symbol of the cross has especial interest for the Christian world, because of the use of a cross of wood in the crucifixion of Christ; and many forms of the symbol, with varying associations and interpretations, came into use among the various Christian nations as the centuries passed. But the cross as a religious symbol in one form or another came into existence long before the beginning of the Christian era-so far beyond the beginnings of history, indeed, that there is not the least possibility of obtaining definite knowledge of its earliest origin, although significant suggestions may be obtained from a study of the employment of the device among the primitive peoples of to-day.

The cross was in very general use in America at the time of the discovery, but even among the more advanced aboriginal peoples, as those of Mexico and Peru, its history is so enwrapped in the web of obscurity woven by the changing centuries that we cannot hope to penetrate to the very beginnings. But among the more primitive tribes we approach the simpler stages of religious development and of sacred forms and get glimpses that have a suggestive bearing on actual beginnings. It is observed, however, that the cross, even with such peoples, has numerous forms, divers meanings, and, without question, a diversity of origins. As it appears in primitive art, the cross may be: (1) Simply a sign or mark conveying or recording an idea, as in pictography; (2) an ornament pure and simple, arising in the technique of the arts, or