In conformity with this view, the organ is found to be deficient in all barbarous and rude tribes of mankind, and large in the nations who have made the highest advances in civilization. It is small in atrocious criminals; and I have observed, that persons who are born in the lower walks of life, but whose talents and industry have raised them to wealth, are susceptible of refinement in their manners, and habits, and sentiments, in proportion to the developement of this organ, and that of Love of Approbation. When it is small, their primitive condition is apt to stick to them through life; when large, they make rapid advances, and improve by every opportunity of intercourse with their superiors.

This faculty, then, joined with Love of Approbation, and using Constructiveness, Form, Coloring, and other knowing faculties as their instruments, produce all the ornaments of dress and architecture; they lead to the production of poetry, painting, sculpture, the fine and ornamental arts. The Society of Friends, therefore, and the followers of Mr. Owen, who declaim against ornament, ask us to shut up one of the greatest sources of enjoyment bestowed upon us. An elegant vase, a couch, or chair, fashioned in all the delicacy of form and proportion that Ideality, aided by the other powers, can attain, or the human form attired in dress, in which grace, utility, and beauty, are combined, are objects which our faculties feel to be agreeable; the pleasure arising from them. is natural, and of so excellent a quality, that it is at once acknowledged and approved of by intellect, and every other faculty of the

mind.

In private life, Ideality generally displays itself, as one element in producing correctness of taste. Great Love of Approbation may give a passion for finery, but we sometimes see intended ornaments turn out deformities, through a want of taste in their selection, and this, I conceive, to arise partly, from a defective endowment of the faculty in question. If, on the other hand, we enter a house in which exquisite taste reigns in every object, in which each particular ornament is made subservient to the general effect, and the impression from the whole is that of a refined and pleasing elegance; we may be almost certain of finding Love of Approbation combined

with large Ideality in one or both of the possessors. Indeed, where the degree of wealth is equal in different persons, we might almost guess at the extent of these two faculties, by the different degrees of splendor in their domestic establishment; and in cases where homeliness is the prevailing feature, while affluence is enjoyed, we may predicate a very moderate Ideality in the one or other of the heads of the family. I have frequently observed, in persons who, from a humble origin, have become rich by commerce, an intense passion for this species of domestic splendor, and, without a single exception, I have remarked Love of Approbation and Ideality largely developed in their heads.

The Plate represents the organ large in Chaucer, Shakspeare, Rousseau, and deficient in Locke and William Cobbett.

The relish for poetry or the fine arts is generally in proportion to the developement of Ideality. It is necessary to a player of tragedy. The tone or note of voice suitable to Ideality is elevated and majestic, and hence it is essential to enable the actor to feel and express the greatness of the personages whom he represents.

In some individuals the front part of this organ is most developed, in others the back part; and from a few cases which I have observed, there is reason to believe that the latter is a separate organ. The back part is left without a number on the bust, and a point of interrogation is inscribed on it, to denote that the function is a subject of inquiry. The back part touches Cautiousness; and I suspect an excitement of this organ, in a moderate degree, is an ingredient in the emotion of the sublime. The roar of thunder, or of a cataract; the beetling cliff suspended half way betwixt the earth and heaven, and threatening to spread ruin by its fall,-impress the mind with feelings of terror; and it is only such objects that produce the sentiment of sublimity. It would be interesting to take two individuals with equal Ideality, but the one possessed of much, and the other of little, Cautiousness, to the Vale of Glencoe, the Pass of Borrowdale, the Cave of Staffa, or some other scene in which the elements of the sublime predominate, and to mark their different emotions. I suspect the large Cautiousness would give the most profound and intense emotions of sublimity.

This faculty, like all others, may be abused. When permitted to take the ascendency of the other powers, and to seek its own gratification, to the neglect of the serious duties of life, and when cultivated to so great an excess as to produce a finical and sickly refinement, it then becomes a source of great evils. It appears in Rousseau to have reached this state of diseased excitement. "The impossibility of finding actual beings (worthy of himself), threw me," says he, "into the regions of fancy; and seeing that no existing object was worthy of my delirium, I nourished it in an ideal world, which my creative imagination soon peopled to my heart's desire. In my continual ecstasies, I drank in torrents of the most delicious sentiments which ever entered the heart of man. Forgetting altogether the human race, I made society for myself of perfect creatures, as celestial by their virtues as their beauties, and of sure, tender, and faithful friends, such as I have never seen here below. I took such delight in gliding along the air with the charming objects with which I surrounded myself, that I passed hours and days without noting them; and losing the recollection of every thing, scarcely had I eaten a morsel, but I burned to escape," and return to this enchanted world. The theory of this condition of mind appears to be this: Rousseau elevated every faculty in his imaginary personages, till it reached the standard of excellence fitted to please his large Ideality, and then luxuriated in contemplation of the perfection which he had created.

In common life, the passion for dress, ornament, and finery, which in some individuals goes beyond all reasonable bounds, and usurps the place of the serious and respectable virtues, results from an abuse of Ideality, Wonder, and Love of Approbation, and is generally combined with a deficient developement of Conscientiousness and Reflection.

In an hospital, Dr. Gall found this organ considerably developed in a man who was insane; and remarked to the physicians who accompanied him, that he observed the exterior sign which indi cated a talent for poetry. The patient, in point of fact, possessed this talent; for in his state of alienation, he continually composed verses, which sometimes were not deficient in point and vigor.