* Besides the import duty, an extra due for the grant of the license must be paid, amounting to 97 cents per pound for unmanufactured; $1 214 per pound for manufactured.

Art. III.-COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

NUMBER LX.

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

SEAT OF JUSTICE OF HENRICO COUNTY-SITUATION-HEAD OF TIDE-WATER-LARGEST CITY OF VIRGINIA-NEIGHBORHOOD-SEVEN HILLS-PUBLIC BUILDINGS-SQUARES-CHURCHES-PUBLICATIONS -WATER-POWER-MILLS-CLIMATE-SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS-TABLE OF MANUFACTURES-BECAPITULATION-ARTISTIC PRODUCTS-MERCHANDISE-SALES OF REAL ESTATE-LIVE STOCK-INDUSTRIAL PURSUITS-MISCELLANEOUS PROFESSIONAL OFFICERS-GENERAL RECAPITULATIONLARGE CAPITAL REQUIRED-PRODUCE PURCHASES FOR CASH-MERCHANDISE ON TIME-CAPITAL INVITED-BANKING CAPITAL-INSURANCE-INSPECTIONS-CANALS AND RAILROADS-SHIPPINGSTEAMERS-FOREIGN TRADE-TOBACCO EXPORTS-POPULATION AND PROPERTY OF RICHMONDFINANCES WATER WORKS-GAS-CITY DEBT CITY PROPERTY COMPARATIVE PRODUCTS PER HEAD PROPERTY PER HEAD OF POPULATION.

RICHMOND, the capital of Virginia, and seat of justice of Henrico County, is situated on the northeast bank of James River, at the lower falls, and at the head of tide-water, about 150 miles above its mouth, and 130 miles, by railroad, south of Washington. It is the largest city in Virginia, and one of the most beautiful in the Union. The situation of the city, and the scenery of the environs, combine in a high degree the elements of grandeur, beauty, and variety. The river, winding among verdant hills, which rise with graceful swells and undulations, is interrupted by numerous islands and granite rocks, among which it tumbles and foams for a distance of several miles. The city is built on seven hills, the largest of which are Shockoe and Church hills, separated from each other by Shockoe Creek. It is laid out in rectangular blocks. About twelve parallel streets, nearly three miles long, extend northwest by southeast; these are intersected by about forty streets, about one mile long. The Capitol and other public buildings are situated on Shockoe Hill, the top of which is an elevated plain, on the west side of Shockoe Creek. The Capitol stands in the center of a public square of about eight acres, is adorned with a portico of Ionic colums, and contains a marble statue of Washington, by Houdon, taken from life, considered a perfect likeness. The Governor's mansion is situated in the Capitol Square, and immediately on front of it; and northward of the Capitol is the colossal equestrian statue of Washington, by Crawford, elevated upon a granite monument of hexagonal form, resting upon a circular base, and at each corner of the hexagon is a small pedestal, upon two of which stand the statues of Jefferson and Henry; the four remaining are to be occupied by statues of Mason, Nelson, Lewis, and Marshall. Within the square, near the southeastern corner, stands a large building used as a State Court-house. On the north side of the square, and fronting it, are the City Hall and the First Presbyterian Church; on the west side are St. Paul's Episcopal Church and the Mechanics' Institute, and on the south side the new granite Custom-house, all elegant and costly buildings, representing as many different styles of architecture. The intermediate lots on the south side by Goddin's Hall, offices, and dwellings, and on the other sides by the Central and Powhatan hotels and beautiful modern dwellings.

There are in all thirty-three churches of different denominations, with 19,800 sittings, and three Jewish synagogues; a medical college, female

institute, orphan asylum, masonic, odd fellows, and temperance halls; a court-house, jail, poor-house, hospital, theater, three bank buildings, two market-houses, and three public halls owned by private individuals or associations; and in the western suburbs, near the river, is the State Armory, 320 feet long by 280 feet wide, and northwest from it stands the Penitentiary, with a front of 300 feet, and a depth of 110 feet. Richmond College is located about one mile out of the city. There are sixteen periodicals-daily, weekly, and monthly; thirty-five public and private schools of various grades; sixteen societies for the promotion of religion, such as Bible, tract, and missionary; five public charitable itstitutions; eight divisions of the Sons of Temperance; eleven masonic lodges; nine lodges of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows; seven German socioties, beneficial, musical, &c.; fourteen various public institutions and societies, such as the Virginia Historical, Mechanics' Institute, School of Design, medical, colonization, agricultural, various mechanic societies, &c., &c.; three public libraries; water works and gas works.

Richmond possesses an immense water-power, derived from the James River, which, from the commencement of the rapids, about five miles above the city, descends 116 feet to tide level. By the James River and Kanawha Canal, on the north side of the river, and a canal owned by the corporation of Manchester, on the south side, this power is made available at a moderate rate, and is now used by very extensive flour mills, iron works, cotton mills, &c., &c., leaving power and territory sufficient for the accommodation of an increase of a thousand fold upon the present machinery. No place in the State, and but few, if any, in the whole country, possesses greater natural advantages for productive industry. With a mild and equable climate and healthful locality, with complete railroads and canal of nearly 1,000 miles, radiating from Richmond, penetrating forests, mines, grazing and agricultural districts, abounding in every variety of raw material for the loom, anvil, burr, screw, saw, &c., and by their connections giving quick and cheap access to the products of the South and Southwest generally, and with an unobstructed outlet by the river to the ocean for coastwise and foreign export, and with an almost unlimited interior demand for every article of merchandise and manufacture, we really believe that Richmond has scarcely a parallel for combined manufacturing and commercial advantages. Her manufactures, trade, and commerce have been largely increased within the last few years, making an annual aggregate of very large amount.

The tables and statements which follow will show the variety, extent, and value of its mechanical, manufacturing, commercial, and industrial pursuits. We have made these up with great care from data obtained in the workshops, stores, and counting-rooms of the various industries. The length of this article precludes such remarks as we intended upon the various interests covered by these tables. These we will make hereafter. With very rare exceptions, our inquiries were promptly responded to, and many gentlemen took quite an interest in our object. To all these we tender our thanks: